scholarly journals Prevalence of Nasal Shedding of Equid Gammaherpesviruses in Healthy Swiss Horses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1686
Author(s):  
Laura Scheurer ◽  
Claudia Bachofen ◽  
Isabelle Hardmeier ◽  
Julia Lechmann ◽  
Angelika Schoster
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Equid Herpesvirus ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Gamma Herpesvirus ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Young Horses

Equid Gamma herpesvirus (eGHV) infections have been reported worldwide and may be correlated with clinical signs, e.g., affecting the respiratory tract in young horses. eGHV are shed by healthy horses as well as horses with respiratory tract disease. The prevalence in healthy Swiss horses is unknown to date but this data would provide valuable information for causal diagnosis in clinical cases and formulation of biosecurity recommendations. Nasal swabs from 68 healthy horses from 12 Swiss stables and 2 stables near the Swiss border region in Germany were analyzed by panherpes nested PCR. Positive samples were sequenced. A multivariable model was used to determine if sex, age, breed, canton, or stable had a significant effect on the shedding status of each detected eGHV. Overall, the eGHV prevalence was 59% (n = 68); the prevalence for equid herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2), equid herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and asinine herpesvirus-5 (AHV-5) was 38%, 12% and 9%, respectively. Co-infections with multiple eGHVs were observed in 25% of the positive samples. The odds of shedding EHV-2 decreased with age (p = 0.01) whereas the odds of shedding AHV-5 increased with age (p = 0.04). Breed, sex, canton, or stable had no significant association with eGHV shedding. As EHV-2 shedding was common in healthy horses a positive PCR result must be interpreted with caution regarding the formulation of biosecurity recommendations and causal diagnosis. As EHV-5 and AHV-5 shedding was less common than EHV-2, a positive test result is more likely to be of clinical relevance. Shedding of multiple eGHV complicates the interpretation of positive test results in a horse.

scholarly journals Effects of famciclovir in cats with spontaneous acute upper respiratory tract disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-499
Author(s):  
Lucy Kopecny ◽  
David J Maggs ◽  
Christian M Leutenegger ◽  
Lynelle R Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Study Entry ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Group D

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effects of famciclovir administration in cats with spontaneously acquired acute upper respiratory tract disease. Methods Twenty-four kittens with clinical signs of acute upper respiratory tract disease were randomly allocated to receive doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h) alone (group D; n = 12) or with famciclovir (90 mg/kg PO q12h; group DF; n = 12) for up to 3 weeks. Clinical disease severity was scored at study entry and daily thereafter. Oculo-oropharyngeal swabs collected at study entry and exit were assessed using quantitative PCR for nucleic acids of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), Chlamydia felis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma felis. Results The median (range) age of cats was 1.5 (1–6) months in group D vs 1.6 (1–5) months in group DF ( P = 0.54). Pathogens detected in oculo-oropharyngeal swabs at study entry included FCV (n = 13/24; 54%), M felis (n = 8/24; 33%), FHV-1 (n = 7/24; 29 %), C felis (n = 7/24; 29%) and B bronchiseptica (n = 3/24; 12%). Median (range) duration of clinical signs was 11.5 (3–21) days in group DF and 11 (3–21) days in group D ( P = 0.75). Median (range) total disease score at the end of the study did not differ between groups (group D 1 [1–1] vs group DF 1 [1–3]; P = 0.08). Conclusions and relevance This study revealed no significant difference in response to therapy between cats treated with doxycycline alone or with famciclovir; cats improved rapidly in both groups. However, identification of FHV-1 DNA was relatively uncommon in this study and clinical trials focused on FHV-1-infected cats are warranted to better evaluate famciclovir efficacy.

Experimental Bovine Respiratory Tract Disease with Haemophilus somnus

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. D. Potgieter ◽  
R. G. Helman ◽  
W. Greene ◽  
M. A. Breider ◽  
E. T. Thurber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Haemophilus Somnus ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Disease

Eight calves were inoculated into the bronchus with H. somnus. Thirteen calves were inoculated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and 8 days later with H. somnus. All calves developed necrotizing, suppurative, lobular bronchopneumonia and pleuritis. Clinical signs of disease and pneumonic lesions were significantly more severe in calves that were sequentially inoculated with BRSV followed by H. somnus. Pneumonic lesions in the inoculated calves were similar to those described for naturally occurring H. somnus-associated respiratory tract disease. Control calves inoculated with BRSV alone or sham-inoculated with medium did not develop clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. The BRSV-inoculated control calves developed minimal pneumonic lesions.

scholarly journals Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) Outbreak in a Show Stallion Population

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2142
Author(s):  
Christiane Otzdorff ◽  
Julia Beckmann ◽  
Lutz S. Goehring
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Systemic Vasculitis ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Equine Arteritis Virus ◽  
Phase Detection ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
New Members ◽  
Nasal Swabs

(1) Background: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection causes reproductive losses and systemic vasculitis in susceptible equidae. The intact male becomes the virus’ reservoir upon EAV infection, as it causes a chronic-persistent infection of the accessory sex glands. Infected semen is the main source of virus transmission. (2) Here, we describe acute EAV infection and spread in a stallion population after introduction of new members to the group. (3) Conclusions: acute clinical signs, acute phase detection of antigen via (PCR) nasal swabs or (EDTA) blood, and seroconversion support the idea of transmission via seminal fluids into the respiratory tract(s) of others. This outbreak highlights EAV’s horizontal transmission via the respiratory tract. This route should be considered in a chronic-persistently infected herd, when seronegative animals are added to the group.

Use of thermography for the diagnosis of chronic proliferative rhinitis in sheep and its application in the differential diagnosis of the first case affecting the dorsal turbinate

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia López-Tamayo ◽  
Ines Rubira ◽  
Marcelo De las Heras ◽  
Enrique Castells ◽  
Delia Lacasta
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
First Case ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Imaging Camera ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Ventral Area ◽  
First Time

Chronic proliferative rhinitis (CPR) is a fatal prognosis upper respiratory tract disease that affects sheep and is associated with Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serotype 61:k:1, 5, (7). It may be unilateral or bilateral, and although minor changes have been seen in dorsal turbinate, the ventral turbinate is always affected, which makes it possible to observe the proliferative tissue emerging from the nares.The following publication describes the case of an ewe severely affected by a bilateral inflammatory process of the upper respiratory tract. S enterica subspecies diarizonae was isolated from nasal swabs; however, the hottest area observed by a thermal imaging camera was not the ventral area, as usually seen in this process, but the middle area, where the dorsal turbinate is located. In addition, no proliferative tissue was seen through the nostril. At postmortem examination, it was confirmed that CPR seriously affected, for the first time, the dorsal turbinate and ethmoidal areas. Thermographic cameras are useful tools for the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract diseases in sheep.

scholarly journals Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in the Gopher Tortoise Is Caused by Mycoplasma agassizii †

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 2262-2269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Brown ◽  
G. S. McLaughlin ◽  
P. A. Klein ◽  
B. C. Crenshaw ◽  
I. M. Schumacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Gopher Tortoise ◽  
Mycoplasma Agassizii ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Disease

Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) has been observed in a number of tortoise species, including the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Clinical signs of URTD in gopher tortoises are similar to those in desert tortoises and include serous, mucoid, or purulent discharge from the nares, excessive tearing to purulent ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, and edema of the eyelids and ocular glands. The objectives of the present study were to determine ifMycoplasma agassizii was an etiologic agent of URTD in the gopher tortoise and to determine the clinical course of the experimental infection in a dose-response infection study. Tortoises were inoculated intranasally with 0.5 ml (0.25 ml/nostril) of either sterile SP4 broth (control group; n = 10) or 108 color-changing units (CCU) (total dose) of M. agassizii 723 (experimental infection group;n = 9). M. agassizii caused clinical signs compatible with those observed in tortoises with natural infections. Clinical signs of URTD were evident in seven of nine experimentally infected tortoises by 4 weeks postinfection (p.i.) and in eight of nine experimentally infected tortoises by 8 weeks p.i. In the dose-response experiments, tortoises were inoculated intranasally with a low (101 CCU;n = 6), medium (103 CCU;n = 6), or high (105 CCU;n = 5) dose of M. agassizii 723 or with sterile SP4 broth (n = 10). At all time points p.i. in both experiments, M. agassizii could be isolated from the nares of at least 50% of the tortoises. All of the experimentally infected tortoises seroconverted, and levels of antibody were statistically higher in infected animals than in control animals for all time points of >4 weeks p.i. (P < 0.0001). Control tortoises in both experiments did not show clinical signs, did not seroconvert, and did not have detectableM. agassizii by either culture or PCR at any point in the study. Histological lesions were compatible with those observed in tortoises with natural infections. The numbers of M. agassizii 723 did not influence the clinical expression of URTD or the antibody response, suggesting that the strain chosen for these studies was highly virulent. On the basis of the results of the transmission studies, we conclude that M. agassizii is an etiologic agent of URTD in the gopher tortoise.

scholarly journals A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Famciclovir in Shelter Cats with Naturally Occurring Upper Respiratory Tract Disease

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1448
Author(s):  
Chelsea L. Reinhard ◽  
Emily McCobb ◽  
Darko Stefanovski ◽  
Claire R. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Clinical Scoring ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Tract Disease

Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a clinically relevant infectious disease in shelter cats, with individual and population-level welfare implications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of famciclovir in reducing clinical signs of URTD in shelter cats during a therapeutic period of up to 21 days. Cats at two Northeastern United States animal shelters with URTD clinical signs were enrolled in a pragmatic, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cats received either famciclovir (n = 11, target dose range 40–90 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 11), administered orally twice daily for up to 21 days with once-daily clinical scoring. At enrollment, conjunctival and oropharyngeal samples were collected for respiratory pathogen identification by RT-PCR. Zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to evaluate the treatment group effects and changes in clinical scoring over time. With each day of treatment, cats in both groups were less likely to experience worsening clinical scores; however, the risk of worsening scores with each day of treatment was significantly less in the famciclovir group compared to placebo (p = 0.006). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) DNA was detected in 11/21 cats. The findings justify further pragmatic studies to determine whether famciclovir treatment can contribute to a clinically relevant reduction in URTD morbidity in shelter cats.

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