scholarly journals Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica)

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Sol Jeong ◽  
Jung-Hoon Kwon ◽  
Sun-Hak Lee ◽  
Yu-Jin Kim ◽  
Jei-Hyun Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Columbia Livia

Since 2014, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. Wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of HPAIV. This study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV in mandarin ducks (Aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica). None of the birds used in this study, 20 mandarin ducks or 8 pigeons, showed clinical signs or mortality due to H5N6 HPAI infection. Two genotypes of H5N6 HPAIV showed replication and transmission by direct and indirect contact between mandarin ducks. H5N6 HPAIV replicated and transmitted by direct contact between pigeons, although the viral shedding titer and duration were relatively lower and shorter than those in mandarin ducks. Influenza virus antigen was detected in various internal organs of infected mandarin ducks and pigeons, indicating systemic infection. Therefore, our results indicate mandarin ducks and pigeons can be subclinically infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV and transfer the virus to adjacent birds. The role of mandarin ducks and pigeons in the spread and prevalence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses should be carefully monitored.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Dynamics of H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (Clade 2.3.4.4B) Circulating in Bulgaria in 2019–2021

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Bianca Zecchin ◽  
Gabriela Goujgoulova ◽  
Isabella Monne ◽  
Annalisa Salviato ◽  
Alessia Schivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Reassortant Strain

The first detection of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in Bulgaria dates back to December 2016. Since then, many outbreaks caused by HPAI H5 viruses from clade 2.3.4.4B have been reported in both domestic and wild birds in different regions of the country. In this study, we characterized the complete genome of sixteen H5 viruses collected in Bulgaria between 2019 and 2021. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a persistent circulation of the H5N8 strain for four consecutive years (December 2016–June 2020) and the emergence in 2020 of a novel reassortant H5N2 subtype, likely in a duck farm. Estimation of the time to the most recent common ancestor indicates that this reassortment event may have occurred between May 2019 and January 2020. At the beginning of 2021, Bulgaria experienced a new virus introduction in the poultry sector, namely a HPAI H5N8 that had been circulating in Europe since October 2020. The periodical identification in domestic birds of H5 viruses related to the 2016 epidemic as well as a reassortant strain might indicate undetected circulation of the virus in resident wild birds or in the poultry sector. To avoid the concealed circulation and evolution of viruses, and the risk of emergence of strains with pandemic potential, the implementation of control measures is of utmost importance, particularly in duck farms where birds display no clinical signs.

scholarly journals A reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus originating from the wildbird-origin H5N6 and the poultry H9N2/H7N9 viruses in Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (06) ◽  
pp. 6532-2021
Author(s):  
QIAN ZHANG ◽  
XINDI MEI ◽  
CHENG ZHANG ◽  
FEI DU ◽  
NANA CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

The asian lineage of H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is the most prevalent in the world, and the co-existence of H5, H7, and H9 viruses provide an opportunity to generate some novel reassortants. Herein we report our isolation of two H5N6 virus strains (named XJ-H5N6) from domestic geese in live poultry markets (LPMs) in Urumqi during the winter of 2016-2017, and analysis of the viral genetic mutations, pathogenicity, reassortant, and origin. BLAST analysis revealed that the HA, NA, MP, NP, and NS of XJ-H5N6 had the highest sequence identity (98.5-99.5%) with those 5 genes from H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) isolated from wild birds in Ningxia (NX-WB-H5N6); the viral PA and PB1 had the highest sequence identity (98.6% and 98.9%) with those 2 genes from HPAIV strain A/Environment/Chongqing/45373/2015 (H5N6) (CQ-EN-H5N6); while the viral PB2 had the highest sequence identity (99.0%) with this gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) strain A/environment/Jiangsu/01.20 TCCX004/2015 (H9N2). Except for the PB2, phylogenetic analysis showed that the other 7 viral genes were clustered together with NX-WB-H5N6 and CQ-EN-H5N6, while the viral PB2 was clustered together with the poultry H9N2/H7N9 viruses. The viral HA protein contained multiple basic amino acid residues (RRRKR/GL) at the cleavage site which represents HPAIV. Additionally, the viral multiple mutations could enhance the viral virulence and the capacity of cross-species transmission. Our data indicate that XJ-H5N6 has been generated by the reassortant of H5N6 HPAIV from wild birds in Ningxia and H9N2/H7N9 LPAIV in poultry. The results of this study may help us understand the viral adaptation and transmission patterns from wild birds to poultry.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Nicola Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

scholarly journals A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 251513551882162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

scholarly journals Shedding of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 and H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in peridomestic wild birds in the U.S.

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1301-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Bosco‐Lauth ◽  
Nicole L. Marlenee ◽  
Airn E. Hartwig ◽  
Richard A. Bowen ◽  
J. Jeffrey Root
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The U.S
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