scholarly journals Mechanism of Cross-Species Transmission, Adaptive Evolution and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini ◽  
Shigeo Nagashima ◽  
Hiroaki Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
Host Determinants ◽  
Viral Determinants

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. While the transmission in developing countries is dominated by fecal-oral route via drinking contaminated water, the zoonotic transmission is the major route of HEV infection in industrialized countries. The discovery of new HEV strains in a growing number of animal species poses a risk to zoonotic infection. However, the exact mechanism and the determinant factors of zoonotic infection are not completely understood. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the mechanism of cross-species transmission of HEV infection, including viral determinants, such as the open reading frames (ORFs), codon usage and adaptive evolution, as well as host determinants, such as host cellular factors and the host immune status, which possibly play pivotal roles during this event. The pathogenesis of hepatitis E infection will be briefly discussed, including the special forms of this disease, including extrahepatic manifestations, chronic infection, and fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.

Hepatitis E virus

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Efficient Cell Culture System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Avian Hev ◽  
Animal Strains

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.

scholarly journals Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Rats: Evident Risk of Species Orthohepevirus C to Human Zoonotic Infection and Disease

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1148
Author(s):  
Gábor Reuter ◽  
Ákos Boros ◽  
Péter Pankovics
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Extrahepatic Manifestations ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
Symptomatic Disease

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (family Hepeviridae) is one of the most common human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis and an increasingly recognized etiological agent in chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations. Recent studies reported that not only are the classical members of the species Orthohepevirus A (HEV-A) pathogenic to humans but a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (HEV-C1) in species Orthohepevirus C (HEV-C) is also able to cause zoonotic infection and symptomatic disease (hepatitis) in humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge of hepeviruses in rodents with special focus of rat origin HEV-C1. Cross-species transmission and genetic diversity of HEV-C1 and confirmation of HEV-C1 infections and symptomatic disease in humans re-opened the long-lasting and full of surprises story of HEV in human. This novel knowledge has a consequence to the epidemiology, clinical aspects, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of HEV infection in humans.

A Review of Hepatitis E Virus†

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Human Virus

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of viral hepatitis in tropical and subtropical countries but is infrequent in industrialized countries. The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route with fecally contaminated drinking water being the usual vehicle. Hepatitis resulting from HEV infection is a moderately severe jaundice that is self-limiting in most patients. Young adults, 15 to 30 years of age, are the main targets of infection, and the overall death rate is 0.5 to 3.0%. However, the death rate during pregnancy approaches 15 to 25%. Death of the mother and fetus, abortion, premature delivery, or death of a live-born baby soon after birth are common complications of hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Hepatitis E virus is found in both wild and domestic animals; thus, HEV is a zoonotic virus. The viruses isolated from swine in the United States or Taiwan are closely related to human HEV found in those areas. The close genetic relationship of the swine and human virus suggests that swine may be a reservoir of HEV. In areas where swine are raised, swine manure could be a source of HEV contamination of irrigation water or coastal waters with concomitant contamination of produce or shellfish. Increasing globalization of food markets by industrialized countries has the potential of introducing HEV into new areas of the world. The purpose of this review is to cover certain aspects of hepatitis E including the causative agent, the disease, diagnosis, viral detection, viral transmission, epidemiology, populations targeted by HEV, and the role of animals as potential vectors of the virus.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus in Croatia in the “One-Health” Context

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
Anna Mrzljak ◽  
Lorena Jemersic ◽  
Vladimir Savic ◽  
Ivan Balen ◽  
Maja Ilic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
The One ◽  
Foodborne Infection

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis globally. The first human case of autochthonous HEV infection in Croatia was reported in 2012, with the undefined zoonotic transmission of HEV genotype 3. This narrative review comprehensively addresses the current knowledge on the HEV epidemiology in humans and animals in Croatia. Published studies showed the presence of HEV antibodies in different population groups, such as chronic patients, healthcare professionals, voluntary blood donors and professionally exposed and pregnant women. The highest seroprevalence in humans was found in patients on hemodialysis in a study conducted in 2018 (27.9%). Apart from humans, different studies have confirmed the infection in pigs, wild boars and a mouse, indicating the interspecies transmission of HEV due to direct or indirect contact or as a foodborne infection. Continued periodical surveys in humans and animals are needed to identify the possible changes in the epidemiology of HEV infections.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus Immunopathogenesis

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Kush Kumar Yadav ◽  
Scott P. Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Transplant Patients

Hepatitis E virus is an important emerging pathogen producing a lethal impact on the pregnant population and immunocompromised patients. Starting in 1983, it has been described as the cause for acute hepatitis transmitted via the fecal–oral route. However, zoonotic and blood transfusion transmission of HEV have been reported in the past few decades, leading to the detailed research of HEV pathogenesis. The reason behind HEV being highly virulent to the pregnant population particularly during the third trimester, leading to maternal and fetal death, remains unknown. Various host factors (immunological, nutritional, hormonal) and viral factors have been studied to define the key determinants assisting HEV to be virulent in pregnant and immunocompromised patients. Similarly, chronic hepatitis is seen particularly in solid organ transplant patients, resulting in fatal conditions. This review describes recent advances in the immunopathophysiology of HEV infections in general, pregnant, and immunocompromised populations, and further elucidates the in vitro and in vivo models utilized to understand HEV pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Mapping of linear B cell epitopes on open reading frames 2- and 3-encoded proteins of hepatitis E virus using synthetic peptides

1993 ◽  
Vol 109 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Coursaget ◽  
Yves Buisson ◽  
Nathalie Depril ◽  
Pierre Cann ◽  
Martine Chabaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
B Cell Epitopes ◽  
Encoded Proteins ◽  
Reading Frames ◽  
Linear B

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E antibodies and risk profile of HEV seropositivity in The Netherlands, 2006–2007

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
pp. 1838-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. VERHOEF ◽  
M. KOOPMANS ◽  
E. DUIZER ◽  
J. BAKKER ◽  
J. REIMERINK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
Independent Association

SUMMARYHepatitis E virus (HEV) is now considered an endemic pathogen in industrialized countries, leading to acute and sometimes chronic hepatitis, mostly in vulnerable people. The endemic sources are unclear. A survey in The Netherlands in 2006–2007 showed a 1·9% seroprevalence of HEV antibodies measured by ELISA and confirmed by immunoblot in a nationwide sample. Overall, in 134/7072 (1·9%) seropositive individuals, older age (P<0·01), being male (P<0·01), working with patients (P=0·03), working with animals (P=0·07), recent diarrhoeal complaints (P=0·07) and adhering to a religion that considers pigs unclean (P<0·01) were independently associated with seropositivity in multivariate analysis. Sub-analysis of 59/4022 (1·5%) anti-HEV antibody-positive subjects with probable endemic exposure showed independent association with youngest household member being aged <5 years or between 19 and <65 years (P=0·05) in multivariate analysis. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the sources of endemic HEV exposure, and also highlight the need for systematic epidemiological and serological evaluation of new cases.

Serological and Molecular Investigation of Swine Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs Raised in Southern Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 2099-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLA COSTANZO ◽  
ELEONORA SARNO ◽  
VINCENZO PERETTI ◽  
LUCIA CIAMBRONE ◽  
FRANCESCO CASALINUOVO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Significant Difference

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a common acute hepatitis transmitted by the fecal-oral route. In developed countries, the virus has a zoonotic potential, and domestic pigs and wild boars are considered main reservoirs. To assess the prevalence of HEV-positive animals in the Calabria region (southern Italy) on a serological and molecular level, a total of 216 autochthonous healthy pigs (Apulo-Calabrese breed) were sampled. Both sera and feces were collected. Pigs were grouped based on age: 117 pigs &lt;6 months and 99 pigs &gt;6 months. By using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system, a total of 173 (80%) of the 216 pigs tested seropositive. In all sampled farms (n = 8), pigs with antibodies (immunoglobulin G) against HEV were detected at a level higher than 60%, with a significant difference among age groups (P &lt; 0.0001). Moreover, 16 fattening pigs were found to be nested reverse transcription PCR positive and thus to shed viral genomes in their feces. These positive findings resulted in a prevalence of 48.4% on the farm level (16 of 35 pigs) and an overall prevalence of 7.4% at the animal level (16 of 216 pigs). Based on the present study, HEV seems to circulate among the autochthonous domestic pig population of southern Italy with a low sharing rate. Further studies exploring the origin of infection are needed to minimize the risk of human exposure and to reduce consequences for public health.

scholarly journals Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Girones ◽  
Anna Carratalà ◽  
Byron Calgua ◽  
Miquel Calvo ◽  
Jesús Rodriguez-Manzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Kinetics Of

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal–oral route and has been recognized as a common source of large waterborne outbreaks involving contaminated water in developing countries. Thus, there is the need to produce experimental data on the disinfection kinetics of HEV by chlorine in water samples with diverse levels of fecal contamination. Here, the inactivation of HEV and human adenovirus C serotype 2 (HAdV2), used as a reference virus, was monitored using immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. HEV has been shown to be susceptible to chlorine disinfection and presented equivalent kinetics to human adenoviruses. The C(t) values observed for a 2-log reduction of HEV were 0.41 in buffered demand-free water and 11.21 mg/L × min in the presence of 1% sewage. The results indicate that the inactivation kinetics of HEV and HAdV2 are equivalent and support the use of chlorine disinfection as an effective strategy to control HEV waterborne transmission.

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