scholarly journals Bat Flies of the Family Strebildae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) Host Relatives of Medically and Agriculturally Important “Bat-Associated” Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 860
Author(s):  
María M. Ramírez-Martínez ◽  
Andrew J. Bennett ◽  
Christopher D. Dunn ◽  
Thomas M. Yuill ◽  
Tony L. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Old World ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Bat Flies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Opportunistic Feeding

Bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats. We collected streblid bat flies from the New World (México) and the Old World (Uganda), and used metagenomics to identify their viruses. In México, we found méjal virus (Rhabdoviridae; Vesiculovirus), Amate virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), and two unclassified viruses of invertebrates. Méjal virus is related to emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses and to the agriculturally important vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV). Amate virus and its sister taxon from a bat are most closely related to mosquito- and tick-borne orbiviruses, suggesting a previously unrecognized orbivirus transmission cycle involving bats and bat flies. In Uganda, we found mamucuso virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) and two unclassified viruses (a rhabdovirus and an invertebrate virus). Mamucuso virus is related to encephalitic viruses of mammals and to viruses from nycteribiid bat flies and louse flies, suggesting a previously unrecognized orthobunyavirus transmission cycle involving hippoboscoid insects. Bat fly virus transmission may be neither strictly vector-borne nor strictly vertical, with opportunistic feeding by bat flies occasionally leading to zoonotic transmission. Many “bat-associated” viruses, which are ecologically and epidemiologically associated with bats but rarely or never found in bats themselves, may actually be viruses of bat flies or other bat ectoparasites.

First record of a pygmy backswimmer (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pleidae) from Micronesia

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1617 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
RICHARD S. ZACK ◽  
AUBREY MOORE ◽  
ROSS H. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
First Record ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Family ◽  
Slow Moving

Pygmy backswimmers, pleids, can be common in aquatic habitats with stagnant or slow-moving water that is rich in vegetation.  They are small bugs, usually less than 3.5 mm in length and confine themselves to the vegetation in which they hide and where they prey on mosquito larvae and other small arthropods (Schuh and Slater 1995).  The family is represented by 37 species in three genera: Plea, confined to the Old World; Neoplea confined to the New World; and Paraplea, the largest and most widely distributed genus (Schuh and Slater 1995).

A SYNOPSIS OF CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN GESNERIACEAE

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MÖLLER ◽  
M. KIEHN
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
New World ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Old World ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Cytological Data ◽  
The Family

Our knowledge of cytological data published on members of the family Gesneriaceae is summarized and critically evaluated in the light of current taxonomic treatments and phylogenetic hypotheses. There are about 1000 published chromosome counts, covering 56% of the genera but only 18% of the species. In particular the New World tribes Beslerieae and Napeantheae and the Old World tribe Didymocarpeae are underexplored at generic level. In Gesneriaceae chromosome data are a valuable source of taxonomic characters. From our current knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships in the family we know that basic chromosome numbers in the New World subfamily Gesnerioideae appear to be rather conserved, but that a more complex pattern of genome evolution seems to be present among the Old World tribes. Both polyploidy and dysploid changes have played a significant role in the evolution of the family. However, the number of species for which both cytological and molecular data are available is at present too low to reach firm conclusions on ancestral basic chromosome numbers, particularly for the Old World group. To facilitate wider access to cytological data on the Gesneriaceae, a website has been developed (http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/search/index.jsp), which is introduced in this paper.

scholarly journals A new species of Mermiglossa from Kenya, with comments on the arrangement of Old World Panurginae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
John S. Ascher ◽  
Michael S. Engel
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
East Africa ◽  
New World ◽  
Group Classification ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Namib Desert ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Family ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the panurgine bee genus Mermiglossa Friese (Panurginae) is described and figured from females captured near Voi in the southern part of the former Coast Province, Kenya, a historical type locality for several bee species.  Mermiglossa voicola Ascher & Engel, new species, is distinguished from the only other species of the genus, M. rufa Friese from central Namibia.  The new species is readily identified due to its black rather than red metasoma and compound eyes slightly convergent above rather than parallel-sided.  The new species raises the total number of described bee species for Kenya to 343, extends the known distribution of its genus and subtribe from the Namib Desert of southwestern Africa to the western edge of the Nviri Desert of East Africa, and provides further evidence of extensive biogeographic connections between these disjunct xeric areas.  Recent changes in the family-group classification of Old World Panurginae are discussed in relation to recognition of Mermiglossina as a valid subtribe within an expanded tribe Panurgini also including the New World perditines.

The Relationships of the Starlings (Sturnidae: Sturnini) and the Mockingbirds (Sturnidae: Mimini)

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Sibley ◽  
Jon E. Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
New World ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Hybridization Study ◽  
Old World ◽  
Hybridization Data ◽  
Successful Search ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Old World starlings have been thought to be related to crows and their allies, to weaverbirds, or to New World troupials. New World mockingbirds and thrashers have usually been placed near the thrushes and/or wrens. DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that starlings and mockingbirds are more closely related to each other than either is to any other living taxon. Some avian systematists doubted this conclusion. Therefore, a more extensive DNA hybridization study was conducted, and a successful search was made for other evidence of the relationship between starlings and mockingbirds. The results support our original conclusion that the two groups diverged from a common ancestor in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, about 23-28 million years ago, and that their relationship may be expressed in our passerine classification, based on DNA comparisons, by placing them as sister tribes in the Family Sturnidae, Superfamily Turdoidea, Parvorder Muscicapae, Suborder Passeres. Their next nearest relatives are the members of the Turdidae, including the typical thrushes, erithacine chats, and muscicapine flycatchers.

scholarly journals Serum Relationships within the Family Cercopithecidae

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
S. ZUCKERMAN ◽  
ANN E. SUNDERMANN
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Old World Monkey ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group Reaction

Quantitative tests show that an antiserum for an individual of one species of the Old World monkey family Cercopithecidae may react no more strongly with the blood of another individual of the same species than it does with the blood of monkeys belonging to other species or genera of the same family. They also show that in this family of Primates interspecific precipitin responses may be no stronger than intergeneric ones. Furthermore, the specific and generic serum interrelationships of these monkeys may be no closer than their interfamilial serum relationships to the chimpanzee. The latter relationship appears, however, to be closer than the monkeys' interfamilial serum relationship to man. Human serum nevertheless does give a group reaction to anti-Old World monkey serum, whereas such a response is not given either by the brown capuchin, a New World monkey, or by the lemur, Perodicticus potto.

scholarly journals Structure-Based Classification Defines the Discrete Conformational Classes Adopted by the Arenaviral GP1

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhys Pryce ◽  
Weng M. Ng ◽  
Antra Zeltina ◽  
Yasunori Watanabe ◽  
Kamel El Omari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Endosomal Trafficking ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Old World ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Family ◽  
Host Cell Recognition ◽  
Virion Surface ◽  
Structural Classes

ABSTRACT The emergence of Old and New World arenaviruses from rodent reservoirs persistently threatens human health. The GP1 subunit of the envelope-displayed arenaviral glycoprotein spike complex (GPC) mediates host cell recognition and is an important determinant of cross-species transmission. Previous structural analyses of Old World arenaviral GP1 glycoproteins, alone and in complex with a cognate GP2 subunit, have revealed that GP1 adopts two distinct conformational states distinguished by differences in the orientations of helical regions of the molecule. Here, through comparative study of the GP1 glycoprotein architectures of Old World Loei River virus and New World Whitewater Arroyo virus, we show that these rearrangements are restricted to Old World arenaviruses and are not induced solely by the pH change that is associated with virus endosomal trafficking. Our structure-based phylogenetic analysis of arenaviral GP1s provides a blueprint for understanding the discrete structural classes adopted by these therapeutically important targets. IMPORTANCE The genetically and geographically diverse group of viruses within the family Arenaviridae includes a number of zoonotic pathogens capable of causing fatal hemorrhagic fever. The multisubunit GPC glycoprotein spike complex displayed on the arenavirus envelope is a key determinant of species tropism and a primary target of the host humoral immune response. Here, we show that the receptor-binding GP1 subcomponent of the GPC spike from Old World but not New World arenaviruses adopts a distinct, pH-independent conformation in the absence of the cognate GP2. Our analysis provides a structure-based approach to understanding the discrete conformational classes sampled by these therapeutically important targets, informing strategies to develop arenaviral glycoprotein immunogens that resemble GPC as presented on the mature virion surface.

scholarly journals Amerigo Vespucci's Contribution to the Modernization of Cartographic Representation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyula Pápay
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Old World ◽  
University Library ◽  
The City

AbstractIn 2019, the Rostock University Library acquired the report by Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512) on transatlantic discoveries, which was published in 1505 by the city secretary Hermann Barckhusen (c 1460–1528/29) in Rostock under the title “Epistola Albericij. De novo mundo” [1505] and, unlike other editions, was published with a map. The special feature of the map is that it is the oldest map with a globular projection. Vespucci reported in a letter dated July 18, 1500 to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici about his voyage 1499–1500, which is an important source for the fact that his longitude determinations contributed to the realization that the transatlantic discoveries were about a continent. The letter also contains evidence that Vespucci was the originator of the globular projection. This marked the beginning of a departure from ancient traditions regarding the projections for world maps. To enable the combined representation of the “old world” together with the “new world” in one map, Vespucci's projection was later modified into an oval map, which was used, for example, by Franzesco Rosselli, Sebastian Münster and Abraham Ortelius.

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