scholarly journals Herpesvirus Regulation of Selective Autophagy

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Mai Tram Vo ◽  
Young Bong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Subcellular Organelles ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Quantity Control ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and materials. In addition, a specific type of selective autophagy (xenophagy) is also activated as a line of defense against invading intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. However, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the host’s antiviral defense and even to activate some proviral types of selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, for their successful infection and replication. This review discusses the current knowledge on the regulation of selective autophagy by human herpesviruses.

scholarly journals A Small Viral PPxY Peptide Motif To Control Antiviral Autophagy

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Montespan ◽  
Christopher M. Wiethoff ◽  
Harald Wodrich
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endosomal Escape ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Peptide Motif ◽  
Nuclear Trafficking ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Autophagic Degradation

ABSTRACT Autophagy is an essential metabolic program that is also used for clearing intracellular pathogens. This mechanism, also termed selective autophagy, is well characterized for invasive bacteria but remains poorly documented for viral infections. Here we highlight our recent work showing that endosomolytic adenoviruses trigger autophagy when entering cells. Our study revealed how adenoviruses exploit a capsid-associated small PPxY peptide motif to manipulate the autophagic machinery to prevent autophagic degradation and to promote endosomal escape and nuclear trafficking.

scholarly journals Viral-Mediated mRNA Degradation for Pathogenesis

Biomedicines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Shujuan Du ◽  
Xiaoqing Liu ◽  
Qiliang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Viral Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Degradation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
The Stability

Cellular RNA decay machinery plays a vital role in regulating gene expression by altering the stability of mRNAs in response to external stresses, including viral infection. In the primary infection, viruses often conquer the host cell’s antiviral immune response by controlling the inherently cellular mRNA degradation machinery to facilitate viral gene expression and establish a successful infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the diverse strategies of viral-mediated regulatory RNA shutoff for pathogenesis, and particularly sheds a light on the mechanisms that viruses evolve to elude immune surveillance during infection.

scholarly journals Role of Selective Autophagy in Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2523
Author(s):  
Chunyu Lv ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Ying Guo ◽  
Shuiqiao Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Infertile Patients ◽  
Shed Light

Autophagy is a “self-eating” process that engulfs cellular contents for their subsequent digestion in lysosomes to engage the metabolic need in response to starvation or environmental insults. According to the contents of degradation, autophagy can be divided into bulk autophagy (non-selective autophagy) and selective autophagy. Bulk autophagy degrades non-specific cytoplasmic materials in response to nutrient starvation while selective autophagy targets specific cargoes, such as damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular pathogens. Selective autophagy has been documented to relate to the reproductive processes, especially for the spermatogenesis, fertilization, and biosynthesis of testosterone. Although selective autophagy is vital in the field of reproduction, its role and the underlying mechanism have remained unclear. In this review, we focus on selective autophagy to discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and role of selective autophagy on spermatogenesis and male fertility in mammals. Understanding the role of selective autophagy during spermatogenesis will promote the recognition of genetic regulation in male infertility, and shed light on therapies of infertile patients.

scholarly journals Cargo Recognition and Function of Selective Autophagy Receptors in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Shuwei Luo ◽  
Xifeng Li ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yunting Fu ◽  
Baofang Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cellular Components

Autophagy is a major quality control system for degradation of unwanted or damaged cytoplasmic components to promote cellular homeostasis. Although non-selective bulk degradation of cytoplasm by autophagy plays a role during cellular response to nutrient deprivation, the broad roles of autophagy are primarily mediated by selective clearance of specifically targeted components. Selective autophagy relies on cargo receptors that recognize targeted components and recruit them to autophagosomes through interaction with lapidated autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) family proteins anchored in the membrane of the forming autophagosomes. In mammals and yeast, a large collection of selective autophagy receptors have been identified that mediate the selective autophagic degradation of organelles, aggregation-prone misfolded proteins and other unwanted or nonnative proteins. A substantial number of selective autophagy receptors have also been identified and functionally characterized in plants. Some of the autophagy receptors in plants are evolutionarily conserved with homologs in other types of organisms, while a majority of them are plant-specific or plant species-specific. Plant selective autophagy receptors mediate autophagic degradation of not only misfolded, nonactive and otherwise unwanted cellular components but also regulatory and signaling factors and play critical roles in plant responses to a broad spectrum of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the research on selective autophagy in plants, with an emphasis on the cargo recognition and the biological functions of plant selective autophagy receptors.

scholarly journals SUMOylation restrains ACE2 degradation through TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagy to facilitate the host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Cui ◽  
Shouheng Jin ◽  
Xing He ◽  
Ling Ma ◽  
Meng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Sumo Ligase ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Entry Receptor

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alongside investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the host–virus dependencies are vital for the identification and rational design of effective antiviral therapy. Here, we report the dominant SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, ACE2, conjugates with small ubiquitin-like modifier 3 (SUMO3) through a proteome-wide protein interaction analysis. We further demonstrate that E3 SUMO ligase PIAS4 prompts the SUMOylation and stabilization of ACE2, whereas deSUMOylation enzyme SENP3 reverses this process. Conjugation of SUMO3 with ACE2 at lysine (K) 187 hampers the K48-linked ubiquitination of ACE2, thus suppressing its subsequent cargo receptor TOLLIP-dependent autophagic degradation. Pharmacological intervention of ACE2 SUMOylation blocks the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and viral infection-triggered immune responses. Collectively, our findings suggest selective autophagic degradation of ACE2 orchestrated by SUMOylation and ubiquitination can be targeted to future antiviral therapy of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Selective Autophagy inDrosophila

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis P. Nezis
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Cytoplasmic Material ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
High Conservation

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process of cellular self-eating and is a major pathway for degradation of cytoplasmic material by the lysosomal machinery. Autophagy functions as a cellular response in nutrient starvation, but it is also associated with the removal of protein aggregates and damaged organelles and therefore plays an important role in the quality control of proteins and organelles. Although it was initially believed that autophagy occurs randomly in the cell, during the last years, there is growing evidence that sequestration and degradation of cytoplasmic material by autophagy can be selective. Given the important role of autophagy and selective autophagy in several disease-related processes such as neurodegeneration, infections, and tumorigenesis, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy, especially at the organismal level.Drosophilais an excellent genetically modifiable model organism exhibiting high conservation in the autophagic machinery. However, the regulation and mechanisms of selective autophagy inDrosophilahave been largely unexplored. In this paper, I will present an overview of the current knowledge about selective autophagy inDrosophila.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Intestinal Antiviral Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion Strategies of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Du ◽  
Junqiu Luo ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Yuheng Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
Antiviral Innate Immunity

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal pigs, due to its clinical pathogenesis of the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. The host’s innate immune system is the first line of defence upon virus invasion of the small intestinal epithelial cells. In turn, the virus has evolved to modulate the host’s innate immunity during infection, resulting in pathogen virulence, survival, and the establishment of successful infection. In this review, we gather current knowledge concerning the interplay between PEDV and components of host innate immunity, focusing on the role of cytokines and interferons in intestinal antiviral innate immunity, and the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion strategies of PEDV invasion. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the potential prevention and treatment for PEDV infection.

What does it take to be antiviral? An Argonaute-centered perspective on plant antiviral defense

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (20) ◽  
pp. 6197-6210
Author(s):  
Guilherme Silva-Martins ◽  
Ayooluwa Bolaji ◽  
Peter Moffett
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Protein Families ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
General Mode

Abstract RNA silencing is a major mechanism of constitutive antiviral defense in plants, mediated by a number of proteins, including the Dicer-like (DCL) and Argonaute (AGO) endoribonucleases. Both DCL and AGO protein families comprise multiple members. In particular, the AGO protein family has expanded considerably in different plant lineages, with different family members having specialized functions. Although the general mode of action of AGO proteins is well established, the properties that make different AGO proteins more or less efficient at targeting viruses are less well understood. In this report, we review methodologies used to study AGO antiviral activity and current knowledge about which AGO family members are involved in antiviral defense. In addition, we discuss what is known about the different properties of AGO proteins thought to be associated with this function.

scholarly journals Nonprofessional Phagocytosis Can Facilitate Herpesvirus Entry into Ocular Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Tiwari ◽  
Deepak Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy Data ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Membrane Protrusions ◽  
Human Herpesviruses ◽  
Hsv 1

Phagocytosis is a major mechanism by which the mediators of innate immunity thwart microbial infections. Here we demonstrate that human herpesviruses may have evolved a common mechanism to exploit a phagocytosis-like entrapment to gain entry into ocular cells. While herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) causes corneal keratitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with retinitis in immunocompromised individuals. A third herpesvirus, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), is crucial for the pathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma, a common AIDS-related tumor of eyelid and conjunctiva. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, we show that successful infection of ocular cell types by all the three viruses, belonging to three divergent subfamilies of herpesviruses, is facilitated by induction of F-actin rich membrane protrusions. Inhibitors of F-actin polymerization and membrane protrusion formation, cytochalasin D and latrunculin B, were able to block infection by all three viruses. Similar inhibition was seen by blocking phosphoinositide 3 kinase signaling, which is required for microbial phagocytosis. Transmission electron microscopy data using human corneal fibroblasts for HSV-1, human retinal pigment epithelial cells for CMV, and human conjunctival epithelial cells for HHV-8 are consistent with the possibility that pseudopod-like membrane protrusions facilitate virus uptake by the ocular cells. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which the nonprofessional mediators of phagocytosis can be infected by human herpesviruses.

scholarly journals Galectin-8 Senses Phagosomal Damage and Recruits Selective Autophagy Adapter TAX1BP1 To Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Macrophages

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha L. Bell ◽  
Kayla L. Lopez ◽  
Jeffery S. Cox ◽  
Kristin L. Patrick ◽  
Robert O. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
First Line ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Global Population

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one-quarter of the global population and causes one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Macrophages are the first line of defense against Mtb infection and are typically incredibly efficient at destroying intracellular pathogens, but Mtb has evolved to survive and replicate in this harsh environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document