scholarly journals Oral Rabies Vaccination of Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) with ONRAB via Ultralite Baits

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Are R. Berentsen ◽  
Israel L. Leinbach ◽  
Mel J. Rivera-Rodriguez ◽  
Amy T. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Rabies Glycoprotein ◽  
Fluorescent Focus ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

The Ontario Rabies Vaccine (ONRAB) is a human adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant oral vaccine immunogenic for small Indian mongooses when delivered by direct instillation into the oral cavity. We offered Ultralite baits containing ~1.8 mL 109.5 TCID50 ONRAB oral rabies vaccine to 18 mongooses, while 6 mongooses were offered identical baits in placebo form. We collected sera from individual mongooses at days 0, 14 and 30 post vaccination (pv) and quantified rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, with titers greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL considered positive. All study subjects were RVNA negative prior to bait offering. Bait consumption was variable: all 6 sham and 13 of 18 (72%) treatment animals consumed/punctured the baits offered. By day 30 pv, RVNA were detected among 11 of 13 (84.6%) of treatment mongooses that consumed/punctured baits, whereas sham-vaccinated mongooses remained RVNA negative throughout the study. We conclude ONRAB is immunogenic for mongooses by Ultralite bait delivery, although the bait design may need further optimization.

scholarly journals Testing of Ferarabivac anti-rabies live vaccine for wild carnivores for its immunogenicity and protectivity

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
A. V. Shishkov ◽  
D. A. Lozovoy ◽  
A. V. Borisov ◽  
D. V. Mikhalishin
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Wild Carnivores ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

Rabies is one of the most important human and animal viral diseases, being one of the most dangerous zoonoses, causing damage to the central nervous system with an inevitable fatal outcome. This disease is of global concern, and it attracts special attention of international organizations (WHO, OIE, FAO, GARC) and of veterinary services in many countries around the world. A variety of anti-rabies vaccines have been used for specific rabies prevention in wild carnivores, however, the safety and effectiveness of some of them is doubtful. New, more advanced products are being developed, one of which is Ferarabivac, a live oral vaccine. The vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity and protectivity in wild carnivores. The optimal immunizing dose was 2.0 cm3, with the infectivity titre of RV-97 strain of at least 6.00 lg KKID50/cm3. Anti-rabies antibody titres detected in the blood sera of foxes and raccoon dogs 14 days post vaccination, were 0.70 ± 0.18 and 0.73 ± 0.19 IU/cm3, respectively, which provided protection against rabies virus infection (≥ 0.50 IU/cm3). Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in foxes reached their maximum level of 4.30 ± 0.32 IU/cm3 50 days post vaccination. Antibody titres in vaccinated raccoon dogs also reached their maximum level of 4.53 ± 0.27 IU/cm3 50 days post vaccination. The minimum protective threshold levels of serum neutralizing antibodies was determined 12 months after the vaccination, and it was 0.62 ± 0.28 and 0.71 ± 0.17 IU/cm3 in foxes and raccoon dogs, respectively, which proves the necessity to perform booster vaccination one year later. No animals vaccinated against rabies with Ferarabivac live vaccine showed any clinical signs of the disease during the entire observation period following the challenge test carried out 30 days post vaccination.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Anna Langguth ◽  
Kansuda Leelahapongsathon ◽  
Napasaporn Wannapong ◽  
Suwicha Kasemsuwan ◽  
Steffen Ortmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Type D ◽  
Patent Blue ◽  
Solution Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Patent Blue V

Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies has the potential to achieve mass coverage and thus deplete the virus of its most important reservoir host species. There is, however, no established non-invasive method to evaluate vaccine release in the oral cavity, following bait ingestion. In this study, two pre-selected marker methods in conjunction with their acceptance were assessed in local Thai dogs. Shelter dogs (n = 47) were offered one of four randomized bait formulations; bait type A-, containing Green S (E142) in a fructose solution; type B-, containing Patent Blue V (E131) in a fructose solution; type C-, containing the medium used for delivery of oral rabies vaccine in baits commercially produced; and type D-, containing denatonium benzoate, which was to serve as the negative control, due to its perceived bitterness. Patent Blue V was found to possess overall stronger dyeing capacities compared to Green S. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the acceptance or bait handling of Patent Blue V baits compared to those containing the oral rabies vaccine medium alone, suggesting the potential use of this dye as a surrogate for rabies vaccine when testing newly developed bait formats.

scholarly journals Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV, Verorab®): A Systematic Review of Intradermal Use Between 1985 and 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Moulenat ◽  
Céline Petit ◽  
Valérie Bosch Castells ◽  
Guy Houillon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vero Cell ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Prevention ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®, Sanofi Pasteur) has been used in rabies prevention since 1985. Evolving rabies vaccination trends, including shorter intradermal (ID) regimens with reduced volume, along with WHO recommendation for ID administration has driven recent ID PVRV regimen assessments. Thus, a consolidated review comparing immunogenicity of PVRV ID regimens during pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is timely and beneficial in identifying gaps in current research. A search of seven databases for studies published from 1985 to November 2019 identified 35 studies. PrEP was assessed in 10 studies (n = 926) with 1–3-site, 1–3-visit regimens of up to 3-months duration. Seroconversion (rabies virus neutralizing antibodies [RVNA] ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) rates of 90–100% were reported within weeks, irrespective of regimen, with robust booster responses at 1 year (100% seroconversion rates by day 14 post-booster). However, data are lacking for the current WHO-recommended, 2-site, 1-week ID PrEP regimen. PEP was assessed in 25 studies (n = 2136) across regimens of 1-week to 90-day duration. All ID PEP regimens assessed induced ≥ 99% seroconversion rates (except in HIV participants) by day 14–28. This review confirms ID PVRV suitability for rabies prophylaxis and highlights the heterogeneity of use in the field.

scholarly journals ACCEPTANCE OF SIMULATED ORAL RABIES VACCINE BAITS BY URBAN RACCOONS

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hadidian ◽  
S. R. Jenkins ◽  
D. H. Johnston ◽  
P. J. Savarie ◽  
V. F. Nettles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine

IMMUNIZATION OF ARCTIC FOXES (ALOPEX LAGOPUS) WITH ORAL RABIES VACCINE

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich H. Follmann ◽  
Donald G. Ritter ◽  
George M. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Alopex Lagopus ◽  
Arctic Foxes ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine

scholarly journals Serological response to rabies virus induced by commercial vaccines in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Martins ◽  
João Motta de Quadros ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT: The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals.

scholarly journals BAIT DELIVERY FOR ORAL RABIES VACCINE TO GRAY FOXES

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Grant Steelman ◽  
Scott E. Henke ◽  
Guy M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine

Accidental exposure to oral rabies vaccine

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-453
Author(s):  
Rita Mrvos ◽  
Edward P. Krenzelok
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Accidental Exposure ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine

scholarly journals The vaccinia-based Sementis Copenhagen Vector COVID-19 vaccine induces broad and durable cellular and humoral immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preethi Eldi ◽  
Tamara H Cooper ◽  
Natalie A Prow ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Gary K Heinemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Heterologous Boost

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic perpetuated by SARS-CoV-2 variants, has highlighted the continued need for broadly protective vaccines that elicit robust and durable protection. Here, the vaccinia virus-based, replication-defective Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) was used to develop a first-generation COVID-19 vaccine encoding the spike glycoprotein (SCV-S). Vaccination of mice rapidly induced polyfunctional CD8 T cells with cytotoxic activity and robust Th1-biased, spike-specific neutralizing antibodies, which are significantly increased following a second vaccination, and contained neutralizing activity against the alpha and beta variants of concern. Longitudinal studies indicated neutralizing antibody activity was maintained up to 9 months post-vaccination in both young and aging mice, with durable immune memory evident even in the presence of pre-existing vector immunity. This immunogenicity profile suggests a potential to expand protection generated by current vaccines in a heterologous boost format, and presents a solid basis for second-generation SCV-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates incorporating additional SARS-CoV-2 immunogens.

scholarly journals Modelling the population-level protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranesh Padmanabhan ◽  
Rajat Desikan ◽  
Narendra M Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Dose Response Curves ◽  
Vaccine Availability

Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines work predominantly by eliciting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), how the protection they confer depends on the NAb response to vaccination is unclear. Here, we collated and analysed in vitro dose-response curves of >70 NAbs and constructed a landscape defining the spectrum of neutralization efficiencies of NAbs elicited. We mimicked responses of individuals by sampling NAb subsets of known sizes from the landscape and found that they recapitulated responses of convalescent patients. Combining individual responses with a mathematical model of within-host SARS-CoV-2 infection post-vaccination, we predicted how the population-level protection conferred would increase with the NAb response to vaccination. Our predictions captured the outcomes of vaccination trials. Our formalism may help optimize vaccination protocols, given limited vaccine availability.

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