scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of the PropylamylatinTM Formula against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Using Direct Injection and Gas Assays in Virus Suspensions

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Brown ◽  
Gary Strobel ◽  
Kaley C. Hanrahan ◽  
Joe Sears
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a severe threat to global public health. There are currently no antiviral therapies approved for the treatment or prevention of mild to moderate COVID-19 as remdesivir is only approved for severe COVID-19 cases. Here, we evaluated the antiviral potential of a Propylamylatin formula, which is a mixture of propionic acid and isoamyl hexanoates. The Propylamylatin formula was investigated in gaseous and liquid phases against 1 mL viral suspensions containing 105 PFU of SARS-CoV-2. Viral suspensions were sampled at various times post-exposure and infectious virus was quantified by plaque assay on Vero E6 cells. Propylamylatin formula vapors were effective at inactivating infectious SARS-CoV-2 to undetectable levels at room temperature and body temperature, but the decline in virus was substantially faster at the higher temperature (15 min versus 24 h). The direct injection of liquid Propylamylatin formula into viral suspensions also completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and the rapidity of inactivation occurred in an exposure dependent manner. The overall volume that resulted in 90% viral inactivation over the course of the direct injection experiment (EC90) was 4.28 µls. Further investigation revealed that the majority of the antiviral effect was attributed to the propionic acid which yielded an overall EC90 value of 11.50 µls whereas the isoamyl hexanoates provided at most a 10-fold reduction in infectious virus. The combination of propionic acid and isoamyl hexanoates was much more potent than the individual components alone, suggesting synergy between these components. These findings illustrate the therapeutic promise of the Propylamylatin formula as a potential treatment strategy for COVID-19 and future studies are warranted.

scholarly journals In VitroAnalyses of the Effects of Heparin and Parabens on Candida albicans Biofilms and Planktonic Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa H. Miceli ◽  
Stella M. Bernardo ◽  
T. S. Neil Ku ◽  
Carla Walraven ◽  
Samuel A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heparin Sodium ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTInfections and thromboses are the most common complications associated with central venous catheters. Suggested strategies for prevention and management of these complications include the use of heparin-coated catheters, heparin locks, and antimicrobial lock therapy. However, the effects of heparin onCandida albicansbiofilms and planktonic cells have not been previously studied. Therefore, we sought to determine thein vitroeffect of a heparin sodium preparation (HP) on biofilms and planktonic cells ofC. albicans. Because HP contains two preservatives, methyl paraben (MP) and propyl paraben (PP), these compounds and heparin sodium without preservatives (Pure-H) were also tested individually. The metabolic activity of the mature biofilm after treatment was assessed using XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] reduction and microscopy. Pure-H, MP, and PP caused up to 75, 85, and 60% reductions of metabolic activity of the mature preformedC. albicansbiofilms, respectively. Maximal efficacy against the mature biofilm was observed with HP (up to 90%) compared to the individual compounds (P< 0.0001). Pure-H, MP, and PP each inhibitedC. albicansbiofilm formation up to 90%. A complete inhibition of biofilm formation was observed with HP at 5,000 U/ml and higher. When tested against planktonic cells, each compound inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicated that HP, MP, PP, and Pure-H havein vitroantifungal activity againstC. albicansmature biofilms, formation of biofilms, and planktonic cells. Investigation of high-dose heparin-based strategies (e.g., heparin locks) in combination with traditional antifungal agents for the treatment and/or prevention ofC. albicansbiofilms is warranted.

scholarly journals The Antiviral Effect of Novel Steroidal Derivatives on Flaviviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luping Zhang ◽  
Dengyuan Zhou ◽  
Qiuyan Li ◽  
Shuo Zhu ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Invasion Stage ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Flaviviruses are the major emerging arthropod-borne pathogens globally. However, there is still no practical anti-flavivirus approach. Therefore, existing and emerging flaviviruses desperately need active broad-spectrum drugs. In the present study, the antiviral effect of steroidal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 23 synthetic derivatives against flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Dengue virus (DENV) were appraised by examining the characteristics of virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that AV1003, AV1004 and AV1017 were the most potent inhibitors of flavivirus propagation in cells. They mainly suppress the viral infection in the post-invasion stage in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, orally administered compound AV1004 protected mice from lethal JEV infection by increasing the survival rate and reducing the viral load in the brain of infected mice. These results indicate that the compound AV1004 might be a potential therapeutic drug against JEV infection. These DHEA derivatives may provide lead scaffolds for further design and synthesis of potential anti-flavivirus potential drugs.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effect of Lithium Chloride and Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate on Porcine Deltacoronavirus In Vitro

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Zhai ◽  
Shilei Wang ◽  
Mengyan Zhu ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Zhongzhou Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging global swine virus that has a propensity for interspecies transmission. It was identified in Hong Kong in 2012. Given that neither specific antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for newly emerging porcine deltacoronavirus, searching for effective antiviral drugs is a high priority. In this study, lithium chloride (LiCl) and diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG), which are host-acting antivirals (HAAs), were tested against PDCoV. We found that LiCl and DG inhibited PDCoV replication in LLC-PK1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The antiviral effects of LiCl and DG occurred at the early stage of PDCoV replication, and DG also inhibited virus attachment to the cells. Moreover, both drugs inhibited PDCoV-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells. This study suggests LiCl and DG as new drugs for the treatment of PDCoV infection.

Malathion, Lindane, and Piperonyl Butoxide, Individually or in Combined Mixtures, Induce Immunotoxicity via Apoptosis in Murine Splenocytes In Vitro

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L. R. Battaglia ◽  
Robert M. Gogal ◽  
Kurt Zimmerman ◽  
Hara P. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dna Ladder ◽  
Murine Splenocytes ◽  
Pesticide Mixture ◽  
Cytologic Analysis ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alamarblue Assay

Lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide were cultured singly or as mixtures with murine splenocytes to evaluate changes in cell death and caused cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pesticide mixture studies were then performed based on minimum cytotoxicity concentrations (<LC25). Cytologic analysis and the alamarBlue assay revealed that individual pesticides and mixtures of malathion/lindane and malathion/piperonyl butoxide prompted cytotoxicity, which was supported by DNA ladder analysis. Using 7-aminoactinomycin D, apoptosis was quantified at 6.5%, 12.0%, 13.2%, 19.3%, and 23.4% for malathion, lindane, piperonyl butoxide, malathion-lindane, and malathion-piperonyl butoxide, respectively. Staining with 7-aminoactinomycin D and B- or T-cell–specific fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies showed B cells to be more susceptible to malathion and piperonyl butoxide treatments than T cells. Treatment of murine splenocytes in vitro with minimum cytotoxic concentrations of lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide and their mixtures induced apoptosis, the effect elicited by the mixtures being additive compared with the individual pesticide effect.

scholarly journals In vitro Assessment of Antiviral Effect of Natural Compounds on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Gómez-García ◽  
Héctor Puente ◽  
Héctor Argüello ◽  
Óscar Mencía-Ares ◽  
Pedro Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Organic acid and essential oils (EOs), well-known antimicrobials, could also possess antiviral activity, a characteristic which has not been completely addressed up to now. In this study, the effect of two organic acids (formic acid and sodium salt of coconut fatty acid distillates) and two single EO compounds (thymol and cinnamaldehye) was evaluated against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The concentration used for each compound was established by cytotoxicity assays in Vero cells. The antiviral activity was then evaluated at three multiplicities of infection (MOIs) through visual cytopathic effect (CPE) evaluation and an alamarBlue assay as well as real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and viral titration of cell supernatants. Formic acid at at a dose of 1,200 ppm was the only compound which showed antiviral activity, with a weak reduction of CPE caused by PEDV. Through the alamarBlue fluorescence assay, we showed a significant anti-CPE effect of formic acid which could not be observed by using an inverted optical microscope. RT-qPCR and infectivity analysis also showed that formic acid significantly reduced viral RNA and viral titers in a PEDV MOI-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the antiviral activity of formic acid could be associated to its inhibitory effect on viral replication. Further studies are required to explore the anti-PEDV activity of formic acid under field conditions alone or together with other antiviral agents.

scholarly journals Persimmon-derived tannin has antiviral effects and reduces the severity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a Syrian hamster model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryutaro Furukawa ◽  
Masahiro Kitabatake ◽  
Noriko Ouji-Sageshima ◽  
Yuki Suzuki ◽  
Akiyo Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Antiviral Effects

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the world. Inactivating the virus in saliva and the oral cavity represents a reasonable approach to prevent human-to-human transmission because the virus is easily transmitted through oral routes by dispersed saliva. Persimmon-derived tannin is a condensed type of tannin that has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effects of persimmon-derived tannin against SARS-CoV-2 in both in vitro and in vivo models. We found that persimmon-derived tannin suppressed SARS-CoV-2 titers measured by plaque assay in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We then created a Syrian hamster model by inoculating SARS-CoV-2 into hamsters’ mouths. Oral administration of persimmon-derived tannin dissolved in carboxymethyl cellulose before virus inoculation dramatically reduced the severity of pneumonia with lower virus titers compared with a control group inoculated with carboxymethyl cellulose alone. In addition, pre-administration of tannin to uninfected hamsters reduced hamster-to-hamster transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a cohoused, infected donor cage mate. These data suggest that oral administration of persimmon-derived tannin may help reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission of the virus.

scholarly journals Host poly(A) polymerases PAPD5 and PAPD7 provide two layers of protection that ensure the integrity and stability of hepatitis B virus RNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Amy C.H Lee ◽  
Fang Guo ◽  
Andrew S. Kondratowicz ◽  
Holly M Micolochick Steuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Rna Stability ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
The Individual

Noncanonical poly(A) polymerases PAPD5 and PAPD7 (PAPD5/7) stabilize HBV RNA via the interaction with the viral post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE), representing new antiviral targets to control HBV RNA metabolism, HBsAg production and viral replication. Inhibitors targeting these proteins are being developed as antiviral therapies, therefore it is important to understand how PAPD5/7 coordinate to stabilize HBV RNA. Here, we utilized a potent small-molecule AB-452 as a chemical probe, along with genetic analyses to dissect the individual roles of PAPD5/7 in HBV RNA stability. AB-452 inhibits PAPD5/7 enzymatic activities and reduces HBsAg both in vitro (EC50 ranged from 1.4 to 6.8 nM) and in vivo by 0.93 log10. Our genetic studies demonstrate that the stem-loop alpha sequence within PRE is essential for both maintaining HBV poly(A) tail integrity and determining sensitivity towards the inhibitory effect of AB-452. Although neither single knock-out (KO) of PAPD5 nor PAPD7 reduces HBsAg RNA and protein production, PAPD5 KO does impair poly(A) tail integrity and confers partial resistance to AB-452. In contrast, PAPD7 KO could not result in any measurable phenotypic changes, but displays a similar antiviral effect as AB-452 treatment when PAPD5 is depleted simultaneously. PAPD5/7 double KO confers complete resistance to AB-452 treatment. Our results thus indicate that PAPD5 plays a dominant role in stabilizing viral RNA by protecting the integrity of its poly(A) tail, while PAPD7 serves as a second line of protection. These findings inform PAPD5 targeted therapeutic strategies and open avenues for further investigating PAPD5/7 in HBV replication.

scholarly journals Curcumin Inhibits In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vero E6 Cells through Multiple Antiviral Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Damariz Marín-Palma ◽  
Jorge H. Tabares-Guevara ◽  
María I. Zapata-Cardona ◽  
Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez ◽  
Lina M. Yepes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Virucidal Effect ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Due to the scarcity of therapeutic approaches for COVID-19, we investigated the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin against SARS-CoV-2 using in vitro models. The cytotoxicity of curcumin was evaluated using MTT assay in Vero E6 cells. The antiviral activity of this compound against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated using four treatment strategies (i. pre–post infection treatment, ii. co-treatment, iii. pre-infection, and iv. post-infection). The D614G strain and Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 were used, and the viral titer was quantified by plaque assay. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using qPCR and ELISA. By pre–post infection treatment, Curcumin (10 µg/mL) exhibited antiviral effect of 99% and 99.8% against DG614 strain and Delta variant, respectively. Curcumin also inhibited D614G strain by pre-infection and post-infection treatment. In addition, curcumin showed a virucidal effect against D614G strain and Delta variant. Finally, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) released by PBMCs triggered by SARS-CoV-2 were decreased after treatment with curcumin. Our results suggest that curcumin affects the SARS-CoV-2 replicative cycle and exhibits virucidal effect with a variant/strain independent antiviral effect and immune-modulatory properties. This is the first study that showed a combined (antiviral/anti-inflammatory) effect of curcumin during SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, additional studies are required to define its use as a treatment for the COVID-19.

Health Benefits of a Combination Probiotics; FlorMidabil™

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Latvala S. ◽  
Philipp S. ◽  
Lehtinen M.J. ◽  
Lehtoranta L. ◽  
Ouwehand A.C.
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefits ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Respiratory Allergies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Reduced Risk

This review summarizes health benefits of a combination of a four-strain probiotic consisting of L. paracasei Lpc-37, B. lactis Bl-04, L. acidophilus La-14, and L. plantarum Lp-115. The safety of the individual strains for absence of transferable antibiotic resistance and adverse events in human intervention studies has been documented. The strains have been shown, both in vitro and in human studies, to survive gastro-intestinal transit and transiently colonize the intestine in a dose-dependent manner. In digestive health, the strains have shown to modulate the intestinal microbiota and reduce risk for both diarrhea and constipation. In vitro, animal and human studies have shown these strains to positively modulate many immune markers, in particular anti-inflammatory markers. These modifications also suggest a reduced risk for respiratory tract infections and seasonal respiratory allergies. The strains contributed positively to weight management in humans and reduced markers of metabolic syndrome in animal models. Finally, one of the strains (L. acidophilus La-14) was shown to colonize the vagina and contribute to reduced risk for recurrent bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and urinary tract infection. The combination of these four strains can therefore be expected to provide a broad spectrum of health benefits.

scholarly journals Features of the mammalian orthoreovirus 3 Dearing l1 single-stranded RNA that direct packaging and serotype restriction

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 3401-3412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Roner ◽  
Bradley G. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Rna Secondary Structure ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Secondary Structure Predictions ◽  
Mammalian Orthoreovirus ◽  
The Individual

A series of recombinant mammalian orthoreoviruses (mammalian orthoreovirus 3 Dearing, MRV-3De) were generated that express an MRV-3De λ3–CAT fusion protein. Individual viruses contain L1CAT double-stranded (ds) RNAs that range in length from a minimum of 1020 bp to 4616 bp. The engineered dsRNAs were generated from in vitro-transcribed single-stranded (ss) RNAs and incorporated into infectious virus particles by using reverse genetics. In addition to defining the sequences required for these ssRNAs to be ‘identified’ as l1 ssRNAs, the individual nucleotides in these regions that ‘mark’ each ssRNA as originating from mammalian orthoreovirus 1 Lang (MRV-1La), mammalian orthoreovirus 2 D5/Jones (MRV-2Jo) or MRV-3De have been identified. A C at position 81 in the MRV-1La 5′ 129 nt sequence was able to be replaced with a U, as normally present in MRV-3De; this toggled the activity of the MRV-1La ssRNA to that of an MRV-3De 5′ l1. RNA secondary-structure predictions for the 5′ 129 nt of both the biologically active MRV-3De l1 ssRNA and the U81-MRV-3De-restored MRV-1La 5′ ssRNA predicted a common structure.

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