scholarly journals Pathogen-Reservoir Interactions: What We Do Not Know Likely Will Hurt Us

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Charles H. Calisher
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Pathogen Reservoir

The establishment of selective colonies of potential vertebrate hosts for viruses would provide experimental models for the understanding of pathogen-host interactions. This paper briefly surveys the reasons to conduct such studies and how the results might provide information that could be applied to disease prevention activities.

scholarly journals Alternative Experimental Models for Studying Influenza Proteins, Host–Virus Interactions and Anti-Influenza Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja C. J. H. Chua ◽  
Hui Qing Tan ◽  
David Engelberg ◽  
Lina H. K. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Host Virus Interactions ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Unique Potential

Ninety years after the discovery of the virus causing the influenza disease, this malady remains one of the biggest public health threats to mankind. Currently available drugs and vaccines only partially reduce deaths and hospitalizations. Some of the reasons for this disturbing situation stem from the sophistication of the viral machinery, but another reason is the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular and physiological basis of viral infections and host–pathogen interactions. Even the functions of the influenza proteins, their mechanisms of action and interaction with host proteins have not been fully revealed. These questions have traditionally been studied in mammalian animal models, mainly ferrets and mice (as well as pigs and non-human primates) and in cell lines. Although obviously relevant as models to humans, these experimental systems are very complex and are not conveniently accessible to various genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. The fact that influenza remains an unsolved problem, in combination with the limitations of the conventional experimental models, motivated increasing attempts to use the power of other models, such as low eukaryotes, including invertebrate, and primary cell cultures. In this review, we summarized the efforts to study influenza in yeast, Drosophila, zebrafish and primary human tissue cultures and the major contributions these studies have made toward a better understanding of the disease. We feel that these models are still under-utilized and we highlight the unique potential each model has for better comprehending virus–host interactions and viral protein function.

A decision support system for controlling bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in beef suckler herds

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 95-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. Stott ◽  
G.M. Jones ◽  
R. Humphry ◽  
G.J. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Beef Herd ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Beef Suckler

The success of any farm business relies on allocating resources optimally across all farming activities. This is particularly important for disease prevention activities because of their potential impact on farm business viability, the temptation to reduce such activity when funds are scarce and the possible implications for animal welfare and food safety. The objective of the current study was therefore to explore the relative impact of alternative disease prevention strategies under a range of different circumstances. This was done by example, using the case of BVD in a typical Scottish beef herd.

HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION AS A COMPLEMENT TO COMMUNITY HEALTH INDICATORS

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. David Banta ◽  
Evridiki Hatziandreu ◽  
Hans-Peter Dauben ◽  
Olav Helge Førde ◽  
Marlène Laeubli Loud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Group 1

The aim of Working Group 1 has been to assess health promotion and disease prevention activities in terms of benefits, risks, and economic, social, and ethical implications as a complement to community health indicators.

scholarly journals Roles of the Cell Surface Architecture of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium in the Gut Colonization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Nishiyama ◽  
Tatsunari Yokoi ◽  
Makoto Sugiyama ◽  
Ro Osawa ◽  
Takao Mukai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Mucus Layer ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Physiological Properties

There are numerous bacteria reside within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Among the intestinal bacteria, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Ruminococcus closely interact with the intestinal mucus layer and are, therefore, known as mucosal bacteria. Mucosal bacteria use host or dietary glycans for colonization via adhesion, allowing access to the carbon source that the host’s nutrients provide. Cell wall or membrane proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular vesicles facilitate these mucosal bacteria-host interactions. Recent studies revealed that the physiological properties of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium significantly change in the presence of co-existing symbiotic bacteria or markedly differ with the spatial distribution in the mucosal niche. These recently discovered strategic colonization processes are important for understanding the survival of bacteria in the gut. In this review, first, we introduce the experimental models used to study host-bacteria interactions, and then, we highlight the latest discoveries on the colonization properties of mucosal bacteria, focusing on the roles of the cell surface architecture regarding Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium.

scholarly journals Chemotherapy-Induced Myopathy: The Dark Side of the Cachexia Sphere

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3615
Author(s):  
Dean G. Campelj ◽  
Craig A. Goodman ◽  
Emma Rybalka
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Cancer cachexia is a debilitating multi-factorial wasting syndrome characterised by severe skeletal muscle wasting and dysfunction (i.e., myopathy). In the oncology setting, cachexia arises from synergistic insults from both cancer–host interactions and chemotherapy-related toxicity. The majority of studies have surrounded the cancer–host interaction side of cancer cachexia, often overlooking the capability of chemotherapy to induce cachectic myopathy. Accumulating evidence in experimental models of cachexia suggests that some chemotherapeutic agents rapidly induce cachectic myopathy, although the underlying mechanisms responsible vary between agents. Importantly, we highlight the capacity of specific chemotherapeutic agents to induce cachectic myopathy, as not all chemotherapies have been evaluated for cachexia-inducing properties—alone or in clinically compatible regimens. Furthermore, we discuss the experimental evidence surrounding therapeutic strategies that have been evaluated in chemotherapy-induced cachexia models, with particular focus on exercise interventions and adjuvant therapeutic candidates targeted at the mitochondria.

scholarly journals Experimental Microbiomes: Models Not to Scale

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc G. Chevrette ◽  
Jennifer R. Bratburd ◽  
Cameron R. Currie ◽  
Reed M. Stubbendieck
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Era ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Gnotobiotic Mice

ABSTRACT Low-cost, high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing ushered the field of microbial ecology into a new era in which the microbial composition of nearly every conceivable environment on the planet is under examination. However, static “screenshots” derived from sequence-only approaches belie the underlying complexity of the microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions occurring within these systems. Reductionist experimental models are essential to identify the microbes involved in interactions and to characterize the molecular mechanisms that manifest as complex host and environmental phenomena. Herein, we focus on three models (Bacillus-Streptomyces, Aliivibrio fischeri-Hawaiian bobtail squid, and gnotobiotic mice) at various levels of taxonomic complexity and experimental control used to gain molecular insight into microbe-mediated interactions. We argue that when studying microbial communities, it is crucial to consider the scope of questions that experimental systems are suited to address, especially for researchers beginning new projects. Therefore, we highlight practical applications, limitations, and tradeoffs inherent to each model.

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