scholarly journals Molecular Transmission Dynamics of Primary HIV Infections in Lazio Region, Years 2013–2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Lavinia Fabeni ◽  
Gabriella Rozera ◽  
Giulia Berno ◽  
Emanuela Giombini ◽  
Caterina Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Lazio Region ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Unique Factor ◽  
Hiv 1

Molecular investigation of primary HIV infections (PHI) is crucial to describe current dynamics of HIV transmission. Aim of the study was to investigate HIV transmission clusters (TC) in PHI referred during the years 2013–2020 to the National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Rome (INMI), that is the Lazio regional AIDS reference centre, and factors possibly associated with inclusion in TC. These were identified by phylogenetic analysis, based on population sequencing of pol; a more in depth analysis was performed on TC of B subtype, using ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) of env. Of 270 patients diagnosed with PHI during the study period, 229 were enrolled (median follow-up 168 (IQR 96–232) weeks). Median age: 39 (IQR 32–48) years; 94.8% males, 86.5% Italians, 83.4% MSM, 56.8% carrying HIV-1 subtype B. Of them, 92.6% started early treatment within a median of 4 (IQR 2–7) days after diagnosis; median time to sustained suppression was 20 (IQR 8–32) weeks. Twenty TC (median size 3, range 2–9 individuals), including 68 patients, were identified. A diagnosis prior to 2015 was the unique factor associated with inclusion in a TC. Added value of UDS was the identification of shared quasispecies components in transmission pairs within TC.

scholarly journals Evaluation of HIV Transmission Clusters among Natives and Foreigners Living in Italy

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Fabeni ◽  
Maria Mercedes Santoro ◽  
Patrizia Lorenzini ◽  
Stefano Rusconi ◽  
Nicola Gianotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Recent Diagnosis ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Italian Origin ◽  
Hiv 1

We aimed at evaluating the characteristics of HIV-1 molecular transmission clusters (MTCs) among natives and migrants living in Italy, diagnosed between 1998 and 2018. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on HIV-1 polymerase (pol) sequences to characterise subtypes and identify MTCs, divided into small (SMTCs, 2–3 sequences), medium (MMTCs, 4–9 sequences) and large (LMTCs, ≥10 sequences). Among 3499 drug-naïve individuals enrolled in the Italian Cohort Naive Antiretroviral (ICONA) cohort (2804 natives; 695 migrants), 726 (20.8%; 644 natives, 82 migrants) were involved in 228 MTCs (6 LMTCs, 36 MMTCs, 186 SMTCs). Migrants contributed 14.4% to SMTCs, 7.6% to MMTCs and 7.1% to LMTCs, respectively. HIV-1 non-B subtypes were found in 51 MTCs; noteworthy was that non-B infections involved in MTCs were more commonly found in natives (n = 47) than in migrants (n = 4). Factors such as Italian origin, being men who have sex with men (MSM), younger age, more recent diagnosis and a higher CD4 count were significantly associated with MTCs. Our findings show that HIV-1 clustering transmission among newly diagnosed individuals living in Italy is prevalently driven by natives, mainly MSM, with a more recent diagnosis and frequently infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes. These results can contribute to monitoring of the HIV epidemic and guiding the public health response to prevent new HIV infections.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Ighor Arantes ◽  
Myuki Alfaia Esashika Crispim ◽  
Mônica Nogueira da Guarda Reis ◽  
Mariane Martins Araújo Stefani ◽  
Gonzalo Bello
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
South American ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Hiv 1

Non-pandemic variants of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B accounts for a significant fraction of HIV infections in several Caribbean islands, Northeastern South American countries and the Northern Brazilian states of Roraima and Amazonas. In this paper, we used a comprehensive dataset of HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences sampled in Amazonas and Roraima between 2007 and 2017 to reconstruct the phylogeographic and demographic dynamics of the major HIV-1 subtype B non-pandemic Brazilian lineage, designated as BCAR-BR-I. Our analyses revealed that its origin could be traced to one of many viral introductions from French Guiana and Guyana into Northern Brazil, which probably occurred in the state of Amazonas around the late 1970s. The BCAR-BR-I clade was rapidly disseminated from Amazonas to Roraima, and the epidemic grew exponentially in these Northern Brazilian states during the 1980s and 1990s, coinciding with a period of economic and fast population growth in the region. The spreading rate of the BCAR-BR-I clade, however, seems to have slowed down since the early 2000s, despite the continued expansion of the HIV-1 epidemic in this region in the last decade.

scholarly journals 1280. Geospatial Spread of HIV in the Cologne-Bonn Region, Germany: From 2001 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S390-S390
Author(s):  
Melanie Stecher ◽  
Martin Hoenigl ◽  
Anna-Maria Eis-Huebinger ◽  
Clara Lehmann ◽  
Gerd Fätkenheuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Hiv Intervention ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Geospatial Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Zip Code ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Geographical targeting of interventions of hotspots of HIV transmission increases the impact of HIV intervention. We combined molecular epidemiology and geospatial analyses to provide insights into the drivers of HIV transmission and the contribution of geographical hot spots to the rapidly evolving local HIV epidemic of Cologne-Bonn. Methods We included 714 HIV-1-infected ART naïve individuals, followed at the University Hospitals Cologne and Bonn between 2001 and 2016. Phylogenetic and network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships. Assortativity index (AI, i.e., shared attributes) and characteristics of genetically linked individuals were analyzed. The geospatial diffusion of the local epidemic (i.e., viral gene flow) was evaluated using a Slatkin-Maddison approach. Geospatial dispersal of local HIV transmission was determined by calculating the average distance between genetically linked individuals (centroids of 3-digit zip code of residency, ArcGIS®). Results Of 714 sequences, 217 (30.4%) had a putative linkage with at least one other sequence, forming 77 clusters (size range: 2–8). Genetically linked individuals were significantly more likely to live in suburban areas (P = 0.035), <30 years of age (P = 0.013), infected with HIV-1 subtype B (P = 0.002). AI for concurrent area of residency showed that individuals were nonassortative in the network (−0.0026, P = 0.046), indicating that clustering individuals tended to cluster with individuals living in a different zip code. Geospatial analyses revealed that the median distance between genetically linked individuals was 23.4 km, significantly lower than expected (median 39.68 km; P < 0.001) (Figure 1A). Slatkin Maddison analyses revealed increased gene flow originating from Central Cologne toward the surrounding areas (P < 0.001, Figure 1B). Conclusion Phylogeographic analysis suggests that central Cologne may be a significant driver of the regional epidemic. While clustering individuals lived closer than unlinked individuals, they were less likely to be linked to others from their same zip code. This may reflect individuals reaching out of their neighborhoods and social circles to meet new partners. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

HIV-1 subtype variability and transmitted drug resistance in a culturally diverse population in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Sexual Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Daniel Richardson ◽  
Hubert Chan ◽  
Rohan Bopage ◽  
David A. Lewis ◽  
Shailendra Sawleshwarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance (TDR) is an important contributor to antiretroviral treatment failure, and is associated with HIV-1 transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM), non-MSM clusters and individuals diagnosed with concurrent sexually transmissible infections (STI). Western Sydney has a culturally diverse population, with a high proportion of non-Australian-born individuals. This study describes the prevalence of TDR and non-B HIV-1 subtypes in a clinic-based population. Methods: A clinic database was examined for all newly diagnosed treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients and information on their HIV-1 resistance and subtype, demographics including country of birth and diagnosis of a bacterial sexually transmissible infection was collected. Results: Data were available from 74/79 individuals (62 cis-male, 16 cis-female and 1 transgender woman). Of the 74 genotypes, the prevalence of non-B subtypes and TDR was 43/74 (58%; 95%CI = 46.9–69.3) and 14/74 (19%; 95%CI = 10.0 to 27.8). It was also found that 30/79 (38%) had a concurrent bacterial STI. TDR was associated with subtype B infection (OR 3.53; 95%CI = 1.41–8.82; P = 0.007) and being born in Australia (OR 12.0; 95%CI = 2.45–58.86; P = 0.002). Conclusion: The relative prevalence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes and TDR is higher in Western Sydney than in the rest of Australia. TDR is associated with subtype B HIV-1 and being Australian born, suggesting ongoing local transmission. This highlights the diversity of the HIV epidemic locally and the need for interventions to prevent ongoing HIV transmission.

Genomic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in India

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K Sahni ◽  
V V S P Prasad ◽  
P Seth
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
History Of ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Hiv 1

Surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes has important implications for the development of candidate vaccine and understanding the possible differences in the transmission and natural history of different subtypes. In this study, HIV-1 subtypes were determined for homologies in the C2-V3-V5 region by heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) in HIV-1 seropositive patients referred to the National HIV/AIDS Reference Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, India. Of the 125 samples analysed, 98 (78.4%) were HIV-1 subtype C, 11 (8.8%) were subtype B′, 3 (2.4%) were subtype A and 2 (1.6%) were subtype E. In 11 samples, subtype determination was not clear-cut. It is possible that these individuals may be infected with recombinant strains of HIV-1. These findings may have significant implications for the designing and testing of effective HIV-1 vaccine candidate in India.

scholarly journals The Effect of Monitoring Viral Load and Tracing Patients Lost to Follow-up on the Course of the HIV Epidemic in Malawi: A Mathematical Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Estill ◽  
Cliff C Kerr ◽  
Nello Blaser ◽  
Luisa Salazar-Vizcaya ◽  
Lyson Tenthani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Treatment Interruptions ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

Abstract Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission, but treated patients may again become infectious. We used a mathematical model to determine whether ART as prevention is more effective if viral load (VL) is routinely monitored and patients lost to follow-up (LTFU) traced. Methods We simulated ART cohorts to parameterize a deterministic transmission model calibrated to Malawi. We investigated the following strategies for improving treatment and retention: monitoring VL every 12 or 24 months, tracing patients LTFU, or a generic strategy leading to uninterrupted treatment. We tested 3 scenarios, where ART scale-up continues at current (Universal ART), reduced (Failed scale-up), or accelerated speed (Test&Treat). Results In the Universal ART scenario, between 2017 and 2020 (2050), monitoring VL every 24 months prevented 0.5% (0.9%), monitoring every 12 months prevented 0.8% (1.4%), tracing prevented 0.3% (0.5%), and uninterrupted treatment prevented 5.5% (9.9%) of HIV infections. Failed scale-up resulted in 25% more infections than the Universal ART scenarios, whereas Test&Treat resulted in 7%–8% less. Conclusions Test&Treat reduces transmission of HIV, despite individual cases of treatment failure and ART interruption. Whereas viral load monitoring and tracing have only a minor impact on transmission, interventions that aim to minimize treatment interruptions can further increase the preventive effect of ART.

scholarly journals Demographic characteristics and spatial clusters of recent HIV-1 infections among newly diagnosed HIV-1 cases in Yunnan, China, 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Yanling Ma ◽  
Huichao Chen ◽  
Jie Dai ◽  
Hongbing Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background The characteristics of recent HIV infections can provide the information about the dynamics of HIV transmission. Yunnan is one of the provinces hardest-hit by HIV-1 in China. To further understand the characteristics of the HIV-1 epidemic in Yunnan, we analyzed the prevalence of recent HIV-1 infections among newly diagnosed cases, identified the associated factors and explored the spatial distribution of recent HIV-1 infections. Methods Residual plasma samples from HIV-1 diagnostic tests were preserved. The associated information was collected from China HIV/AIDS case reporting system. Recent HIV-1 infections were estimated by combining the information about disease progression and BED- capture enzyme immunoassay (CEIA). The proportions of recent HIV-1 infections among newly diagnosed cases stratified by demographic characteristics were analyzed. The spatial clusters of recent HIV-1 infections were investigated by spatial scan statistics. Results Among 6119 HIV/AIDS cases were newly reported between January 2015 and June 2015 in Yunnan Province, 9.3% (570/6119) were estimated as recent infections. Female, aged below 25 years and homosexual contact were more associated with the higher proportion of recent HIV-1 infections. Among the different demographic sub-groups, men who have sex with men (MSM) aged < 25 years and ≥ 50 years had a higher chance of being diagnosed as recent infections, heterosexually infected men aged ≥25 years had a lower chance of being diagnosed as recent infections. In the sub-groups with different screening approaches, the highest proportion of recent infections (16.1%) was found among women diagnosed by testing during pregnancy and childbirth. In the sub-groups with different contact histories, the higher proportion of recent infections was found among the female cases having commercial heterosexual contacts (16.4%) and MSM (19.7%). The statistically significant spatial clusters of recent infections attributed to heterosexual contact, homosexual contact and intravenous drug injection were identified, respectively. Conclusions The investigation of recent HIV infections among newly diagnosed cases supplements the routine HIV surveillance, and reveals the characteristics of ongoing HIV transmission. Our finding identified the potential sub-populations and geographic areas in need of services or improved interventions.

scholarly journals Tracing the Impact of Public Health Interventions on HIV-1 Transmission in Portugal Using Molecular Epidemiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetyana I Vasylyeva ◽  
Louis du Plessis ◽  
Andrea C Pineda-Peña ◽  
Denise Kühnert ◽  
Philippe Lemey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Estimation of temporal changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission patterns can help to elucidate the impact of preventive strategies and public health policies. Methods Portuguese HIV-1 subtype B and G pol genetic sequences were appended to global reference data sets to identify country-specific transmission clades. Bayesian birth-death models were used to estimate subtype-specific effective reproductive numbers (Re). Discrete trait analysis (DTA) was used to quantify mixing among transmission groups. Results We identified 5 subtype B Portuguese clades (26–79 sequences) and a large monophyletic subtype G Portuguese clade (236 sequences). We estimated that major shifts in HIV-1 transmission occurred around 1999 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 1998–2000) and 2000 (95% BCI, 1998–2001) for subtypes B and G, respectively. For subtype B, Re dropped from 1.91 (95% BCI, 1.73–2.09) to 0.62 (95% BCI,.52–.72). For subtype G, Re decreased from 1.49 (95% BCI, 1.39–1.59) to 0.72 (95% BCI, .63–.8). The DTA suggests that people who inject drugs (PWID) and heterosexuals were the source of most (&gt;80%) virus lineage transitions for subtypes G and B, respectively. Conclusions The estimated declines in Re coincide with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and the scale-up of harm reduction for PWID. Inferred transmission events across transmission groups emphasize the importance of prevention efforts for bridging populations.

scholarly journals National molecular surveillance of recently acquired HIV infections in Germany, 2013 to 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Hauser ◽  
Alexandra Hofmann ◽  
Kirsten Hanke ◽  
Viviane Bremer ◽  
Barbara Bartmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Statutory Duty ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

To enable an up-to-date molecular analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genotypes circulating in Germany we have established a surveillance system based on recently acquired HIV infections. New HIV infections are reported to the Robert Koch Institute as a statutory duty for anonymous notification. In 2013 and 2014, a dried serum spot (DSS) sample was received from 6,371 newly diagnosed HIV-cases; their analysis suggested that 1,797 samples originated from a recent infection. Of these, 809 were successfully genotyped in the pol region to identify transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutations and to determine the HIV-1 subtype. Total TDR was 10.8%, comprising 4.3% with mono-resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 2.6% to non-NRTIs, 3.0% to protease inhibitors and 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively, with dual- and triple-class resistances. HIV-1 subtype B was most prevalent with 77.0%. Non-B infections were identified more often in men and women with heterosexual transmission compared with intravenous drug users or men who have sex with men (79% and 76%, 33%, 12%; all p < 0.05). Non-B subtypes were also more frequently found in patients originating from countries other than Germany (46% vs 14%; p < 0.05) and in patients infected outside of Germany (63% vs 14%; p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody in a Prenatal Population at a Community Hospital

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Alexander ◽  
Joanne Lee ◽  
Belinda Yen-Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Community Hospital ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hiv Screening ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening may reduce vertical HIV transmission. We screened 4,419 prenatal sera and found 38 repeatedly reactive specimens with an HIV-1–HIV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot analysis confirmed four of these specimens as positive for HIV-1 antibodies. Screening detects previously unidentified HIV infections, but false-positive results may also occur.

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