scholarly journals Stability of African Swine Fever Virus in Carcasses of Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar Experimentally Infected with the ASFV “Estonia 2014” Isolate

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Fischer ◽  
Jane Hühr ◽  
Sandra Blome ◽  
Franz J. Conraths ◽  
Carolina Probst
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Long Time

Europe is currently experiencing a long-lasting African swine fever (ASF) epidemic, both in domestic pigs and wild boar. There is great concern that carcasses of infected wild boar may act as long-term virus reservoirs in the environment. We evaluated the tenacity of ASF virus (ASFV) in tissues and body fluids from experimentally infected domestic pigs and wild boar, which were stored on different matrices and at different temperatures. Samples were analysed at regular intervals for viral genome and infectious virus. ASFV was most stable in spleen or muscles stored at −20 °C and in blood stored at 4 °C. In bones stored at −20 °C, infectious virus was detected for up to three months, and at 4 °C for up to one month, while at room temperature (RT), no infectious virus could be recovered after one week. Skin stored at −20 °C, 4 °C and RT remained infectious for up to three, six and three months, respectively. In urine and faeces, no infectious virus was recovered after one week, irrespective of the matrix. In conclusion, tissues and organs from decomposing carcasses that persist in the environment for a long time can be a source of infection for several months, especially at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of African Swine Fever Virus Exposure to Sus scrofa in Japan Via Pork Products Brought in Air Passengers’ Luggage

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ito ◽  
Jaime Bosch ◽  
Cristina Jurado ◽  
José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno ◽  
Norikazu Isoda
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Risk Assessment Models ◽  
Annual Probability ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Stochastic Risk

In recent years, African swine fever (ASF) has become prevalent in many areas, including Asia. The repeated detection of the ASF virus (ASFV) genome in pork products brought in air passenger’s luggage (PPAP) was also reported from Japanese airports. In the present study, the risk of ASFV exposure to susceptible hosts in Japan via three different pathways was assessed. Two quantitative stochastic risk assessment models were built to estimate the annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs, which could be attributed to foreign job trainees or foreign tourists. A semi-quantitative stochastic model was built to assess the risk of ASFV exposure to wild boar caused by foreign tourists. The overall mean annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs via PPAP carried by foreign job trainees was 0.169 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.000–0.600], whereas that by foreign tourists was 0.050 [95% CI: 0.000–0.214], corresponding to approximately one introduction every 5.9 and 20 years, respectively. The risk of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs was dispersed over the country, whereas that of wild boar was generally higher in the western part of Japan, indicating that the characteristics of the potential ASF risk in each prefecture were varied.

scholarly journals Impaired T‐cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with a highly virulent African swine fever virus strain

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 3016-3032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Hühr ◽  
Alexander Schäfer ◽  
Theresa Schwaiger ◽  
Laura Zani ◽  
Julia Sehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Highly Virulent

scholarly journals Comparative Pathology of Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar Infected with the Moderately Virulent African Swine Fever Virus Strain “Estonia 2014”

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Julia Sehl ◽  
Jutta Pikalo ◽  
Alexander Schäfer ◽  
Kati Franzke ◽  
Katrin Pannhorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Kinetic Experiment ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Hunting Bag ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Baltic

Endemically infected European wild boar are considered a major reservoir of African swine fever virus in Europe. While high lethality was observed in the majority of field cases, strains of moderate virulence occurred in the Baltic States. One of these, “Estonia 2014”, led to a higher number of clinically healthy, antibody-positive animals in the hunting bag of North-Eastern Estonia. Experimental characterization showed high virulence in wild boar but moderate virulence in domestic pigs. Putative pathogenic differences between wild boar and domestic pigs are unresolved and comparative pathological studies are limited. We here report on a kinetic experiment in both subspecies. Three animals each were euthanized at 4, 7, and 10 days post infection (dpi). Clinical data confirmed higher virulence in wild boar although macroscopy and viral genome load in blood and tissues were comparable in both subspecies. The percentage of viral antigen positive myeloid cells tested by flow cytometry did not differ significantly in most tissues. Only immunohistochemistry revealed consistently higher viral antigen loads in wild boar tissues in particular 7 dpi, whereas domestic pigs already eliminated the virus. The moderate virulence in domestic pigs could be explained by a more effective viral clearance.

scholarly journals Towards Efficient Early Warning: Pathobiology of African Swine Fever Virus “Belgium 2018/1” in Domestic Pigs of Different Age Classes

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2602
Author(s):  
Jutta Pikalo ◽  
Marie-Eve Schoder ◽  
Julia Sehl-Ewert ◽  
Angele Breithaupt ◽  
Ann Brigitte Cay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Clinical Detection ◽  
Weaner Pigs

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important and devastating viral diseases in wild boar and domestic pigs worldwide. In the absence of vaccines or treatment options, early clinical detection is crucial and requires a sound knowledge of disease characteristics. To provide practitioners and state veterinarians with detailed information, the objective of the present study was to characterize the ASF virus (ASFV) isolate “Belgium 2018/1” in subadult and weaning domestic pigs. To this end, two animal trials were performed. Trial A included eight subadult domestic pigs and trial B five weaner pigs. In general, clinical signs and pathological lesions were in line with previous studies utilizing highly virulent ASF genotype II viruses. However, in trial A, four subadult domestic pigs survived and recovered, pointing to an age-dependent outcome. The long-term fate of these survivors remains under discussion and would need further investigation.

scholarly journals Comparative Pathology of Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar Infected with the Moderately Virulent African Swine Fever Virus Strain “Estonia 2014”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Sehl ◽  
Jutta Pikalo ◽  
Alexander Schäfer ◽  
Kati Franzke ◽  
Katrin Pannhorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Kinetic Experiment ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Hunting Bag ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Baltic

Endemically infected European wild boar are considered a major reservoir of African swine fever virus in Europe. While high lethality was observed in the majority of field cases, strains of moderate virulence occurred in the Baltic States. One of these, “Estonia 2014”, led to a higher number of clinically healthy, antibody-positive animals in the hunting bag of North-Eastern Estonia. Experimental characterization showed high virulence in wild boar but moderate virulence in domestic pigs. Putative pathogenic differences between wild boar and domestic pigs are unresolved and comparative pathological studies are limited. We here report on a kinetic experiment in both subspecies. Three animals each were euthanized at 4, 7 and 10 days post infection (dpi). Clinical data confirmed higher virulence in wild boar although macroscopy and viral genome load in blood and tissues were comparable in both subspecies. The percentage of viral antigen positive myeloid cells tested by flow cytometry did not differ significantly in most tissues. Only immunohistochemistry revealed consistently higher viral antigen loads in wild boar tissues in particular 7 dpi, whereas domestic pigs already eliminated the virus. The moderate virulence in domestic pigs could be explained by a more effective viral clearance.

scholarly journals EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL SITUATION OF АFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN EUROPE

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Vesna Milićević ◽  
Vladimir Radosavljević ◽  
Ljubiša Veljović ◽  
Jelena Maksimović-Zorić ◽  
Sonja Radojičić
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. Due to the very serious socioeconomic consequences, the disease isone of the most important ones nowadays. African swine fever is an enzootic disease in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, in Sardinia, and TransCaucasus countries. Aft er its occurrence in Georgia in 2007, ASF spread to Armenia and Russian Federation, and in 2008. to Azerbaijan. Since then,its progressive moving toward the west has been recorded. Despite the number of undertaken preventive and control measures in the EuropeanUnion (EU), ASF has been still spreading. During 2017, the disease has been reported in domestic pigs in Estonia, Italy-Sardinia, Latvia, Lithuania,Poland, Romania, and Ukraine. ASF cases in domestic pigs have also been reported in Moldova in 2017. Th e number of diagnosed cases in wild boarin 2017 is much higher than in domestic pigs. ASF outbreak in wild boar in the Czech Republic well describes the possible viral „jump“ into a newregion. Th e source of infection hasn’t been confi rmed yet, but it is common that such leaps are due to either swill feeding or improperly disposal of food rather than to the animal movements. Since the lack of eff ective vaccine makes eradication even more diffi cult, the prevention of viral entry into the new areas is of the most importance. With the same aim, since 2011. the surveillance of ASF has been implemented in Serbia.

scholarly journals Techniques of blood sampling for detection of African swine fever virus in wild boar and domestic pigs in the field conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 285-294
Author(s):  
A. S. Pershin ◽  
A. R. Shotin ◽  
E. O. Morozova ◽  
A. S. Igolkin ◽  
O. A. Manuylova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Technique ◽  
Domestic Pigs

It is thought that due to the high virulence of the African swine fever virus its circulation in the Russian Federation is accompanied by a low seroprevalence. However taking into account a long-term ASF unfavourable situation, the introduction of the virus into the wild boar population, and the occurrence of attenuated viral variants, the significance of serological testing aimed at the detection of viral antibodies is increasing. To collect field samples of biological material from animals for molecular genetic, virological, and serological tests, filter paper, as well as swabs, can be used. The specificity and sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay when testing blood absorbed by filter paper are worse than those shown when testing sera, but they allow effective detection of African swine fever virus antibodies. It was demonstrated that blood absorbed on filter paper can be used for the immunoblot analysis, but the optimum performance could be achieved when the immunoperoxidase technique in combination with samples, taken by swabs was used. When comparing results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performed on sera collected from domestic pigs (infected with ASFV isolates Antonovo 07/14 and Sobinka 07/15), and blood from ear veins absorbed on filter paper the sensitivity was 88.9%, specificity – 90.6%. However, the use of the immunoperoxidase technique for testing blood from swabs showed 100% coincidence with ELISA, while testing of sera with immunoperoxidase technique was superior to ELISA in sensitivity. This means blood sampling using swabs may be recommended for tests after proper validation. This technique can be especially useful for collecting data about infected wild boars because effective eradication strategies are impossible without such data.

scholarly journals Dynamics of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in domestic pigs infected with virulent, moderate virulent and attenuated genotype II ASFV European isolates.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmina Gallardo ◽  
Alejandro Soler ◽  
Imbi Nurmoja ◽  
Cristina Cano-Gómez ◽  
S. Cvetkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Subclinical Disease ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Genotype Ii

This study aimed to compare the infection dynamics of three genotype II African swine fever viruses (ASFV) circulating in Europe. Eighteen domestic pigs divided into three groups were infected intramuscularly or by direct contact with two haemadsorbent ASFVs (HAD) from Poland (Pol16/DP/ OUT21) and Estonia (Est16/WB/Viru8), and with the Latvian non-HAD ASFV (Lv17/WB/Rie1). Parameters such as symptoms, pathogenicity, and distribution of the virus in tissues, humoral immune response, and dissemination of the virus by blood, oropharyngeal and rectal routes were investigated. The Polish ASFV caused a case of rapidly developing fatal acute disease, while the Estonian ASFV caused acute to subacute infections in the presence of surviving animals. In contrast, animals infected with the ASFV from Latvia developed a more subtle, mild, or even subclinical disease. Oral excretion was sporadic or even absent in the attenuated group, whereas in animals that developed an acute or subacute form of ASF, oral excretion began at the same time as in the blood, or even 3 days earlier, and persisted up to 22 days. Regardless of virulence, blood was the main route of transmission of ASFV and infectious virus was isolated from persistently infected animals for at least 19 days in the attenuated group and up to 44 days in the group of moderate virulence. Rectal excretion was limited to the acute phase of infection. In terms of diagnostics, the ASFV genome was detected in contact pigs from oropharyngeal samples earlier than in blood, independently of virulence and, together with blood, both samples could cover a longer range to detect ASFV infection. The results presented here provide quantitative data on the spread and excretion of ASFV strains of different virulence among domestic pigs that can help to better focus surveillance activities and thus increase the ability to detect ASF introductions earlier.

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