scholarly journals Tracking Community Timing: Pattern and Determinants of Seasonality in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Northern Florida

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Agustin I. Quaglia ◽  
Erik M. Blosser ◽  
Bethany L. McGregor ◽  
Alfred E. Runkel ◽  
Kristin E. Sloyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Hematophagous Arthropod

Community dynamics are embedded in hierarchical spatial–temporal scales that connect environmental drivers with species assembly processes. Culicoides species are hematophagous arthropod vectors of orbiviruses that impact wild and domestic ruminants. A better sense of Culicoides dynamics over time is important because sympatric species can lengthen the seasonality of virus transmission. We tested a putative departure from the four seasons calendar in the phenology of Culicoides and the vector subassemblage in the Florida panhandle. Two years of weekly abundance data, temporal scales, persistence and environmental thresholds were analyzed using a tripartite Culicoides β-diversity based modeling approach. Culicoides phenology followed a two-season regime and was explained by stream flow and temperature, but not rainfall. Species richness fit a nested pattern where the species recruitment was maximized during spring months. Midges were active year-round, and two suspected vectors species, Culicoides venustus and Culicoides stellifer, were able to sustain and connect the seasonal modules. Persistence suggests that Orbivirus maintenance does not rely on overwintering and that viruses are maintained year-round, with the seasonal dynamics resembling subtropical Culicoides communities with temporal-overlapping between multivoltine species. Viewing Culicoides-borne orbiviruses as a time-sensitive community-based issue, our results help to recommend when management operations should be delivered.

scholarly journals Decadal variability of soil CO<sub>2</sub> NO, N<sub>2</sub>O, and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes at the Höglwald Forest, Germany

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 12197-12245
Author(s):  
G. J. Luo ◽  
N. Brüggemann ◽  
B. Wolf ◽  
R. Gasche ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Field Station

Abstract. Besides agricultural soils, temperate forest soils have been identified as significant sources of or sinks for important atmospheric trace gases (N2O, NO, CH4, and CO2). Although the number of studies for this ecosystem type increased more than tenfold during the last decade, studies covering an entire year and spanning more than 1–2 yr remained scarce. This study reports the results of continuous measurements of soil-atmosphere C- and N-gas exchange with high temporal resolution carried out since 1994 at the Höglwald Forest spruce site, an experimental field station in Southern Germany. Annual soil N2O emission, NO emission, CH4 uptake, and CO2 emission (1994–2010) varied in a range of 0.2–3.2 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, 6.4–11.4 kg NO-N ha−1 yr−1, 0.9–3.5 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, and 7.0–9.2 t CO2-C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The observed high fluxes of N-trace gases are most likely a consequence of high rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (> 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1) of NH3 and NOx to our site. For N2O cumulative annual emissions were > 0.8 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 high in years with freeze-thaw events (5 out 14 yr). This shows that long-term, multi-year measurements are needed to obtain reliable estimates of N2O fluxes for a given ecosystem. Cumulative values of soil respiratory CO2 fluxes were highest in years with prolonged freezing periods e.g. the years 1996 and 2006, i.e. years with below average annual mean soil temperatures and high N2O emissions. The results indicate that long freezing periods may even drive increased CO2 fluxes not only during soil thawing but also throughout the following growing season. Furthermore, based on our unique database on GHGs we analyzed if soil temperature, soil moisture, or precipitation measurements can be used to approximate GHGs at weekly, monthly, or annual scale. Our analysis shows that simple-to-measure environmental drivers such as soil temperature or soil moisture are suitable to approximate fluxes of NO and CO2 in weekly and monthly scales with a reasonable uncertainty (accounting for up to 80 % of the variance). However, for N2O and CH4 we so far failed to find meaningful correlations and, thus, to provide simple regression models to estimate fluxes. This is most likely due to the complexity of involved processes and counteracting effects of soil moisture and temperature, specifically with regard to N2O production and consumption by denitrification and microbial community dynamics.

scholarly journals α- and β-Diversity Patterns of Macrophytes and Freshwater Fishes are Driven by Different Factors and Processes in Lakes of the Unexplored Southern Balkan Biodiversity Hotspot

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1984
Author(s):  
Anthi Oikonomou ◽  
Konstantinos Stefanidis
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity

Disentangling the main drivers of species richness and community composition is a central theme in ecology. Freshwater biodiversity patterns have been poorly explored; yet, it has been shown that different freshwater biota have different, often contrasting responses to environmental gradients. In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of geographical and environmental (habitat-, climate- and water quality-related) factors/gradients in shaping the α- and β-diversity patterns of macrophytes and fish in sixteen natural freshwater lakes of an unexplored Balkan biodiversity hotspot, the Southern Balkan Peninsula. We employed generalized linear modeling to identify drivers of α-diversity, and generalized dissimilarity modeling to explore commonalities and dissimilarities of among-biota β-diversity. Species richness of both biota was significantly associated with lake surface area, whereas macrophytes had an inverse response to altitude, compared to fish. Both species turnover and nestedness significantly contributed to the total β-diversity of macrophytes. In contrast, species turnover was the most significant contributor to the total fish β-diversity. We found that the compositional variation of macrophytes is primarily limited by dispersal and ultimately shaped by environmental drivers, resulting in spatially structured assemblages. Fish communities were primarily shaped by altitude, highlighting the role of species sorting. We conclude that among-biota diversity patterns are shaped by different/contrasting factors, and, thus, effective/sustainable conservation strategies should encompass multiple aquatic biota.

The Phenological Community

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Eric Post
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Allocation Of Time ◽  
The Individual

This chapter studies how the concept of phenological community relates to the utilization of time by species that co-occur in the local assemblage. It also examines the consequences for phenological community dynamics of differential use of time by co-occurring species. Indeed, a main point of emphasis in this chapter is the dynamic nature of the community in a phenological context. The allocation of time by the individual organism to phenophases within its annual cycle of growth, maintenance, and reproduction determines patterns of interactions in time among species co-occurring in the local assemblage. In the context of phenology, the local community is characterized by a capacity for pronounced variability on both short-term temporal scales (over days) and on longer-term temporal scales (from year to year).

Functionally explicit partitioning of plant β-diversity reveal soil fungal assembly in the subarctic tundra

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Masumoto ◽  
Ryo Kitagawa ◽  
Keita Nishizawa ◽  
Ryo Kaneko ◽  
Takashi Osono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetation Shifts ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Functional Components

ABSTRACT Metabarcoding technologies for soil fungal DNA pools have enabled to capture the diversity of fungal community and the agreement of their β-diversity with plant β-diversity. However, processes underlying the synchrony of the aboveground–belowground biodiversity is still unclear. By using partitioning methods for plant β-diversity, this study explored the process driving synchrony in tundra ecosystems, in which drastic vegetation shifts are observed with climate warming. Our methods based on Baselga's partitioning enabled the division of plant β-diversity into two phenomena and three functional components. Correlation of fungal β-diversity with the components of plant β-diversity showed that the spatial replacement of fungi was promoted by plant species turnover, in particular, plant species turnover with functional exchange. In addition, spatial variety of graminoid or forbs species, rather than shrubs, enhanced fungal β-diversity. These results suggest the importance of small-scale factors such as plant–fungal interactions or local environments modified by plants for the fungal community assemblage. The process-based understanding of community dynamics of plants and fungi allows us to predict the ongoing shrub encroachment in the Arctic region, which could weaken the aboveground–belowground synchrony.

Sympatric species distribution, genetic diversity and population structure of Haemonchus isolates from domestic ruminants in Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 206 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 188-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Kathiravan Periasamy ◽  
Asif Nadeem ◽  
Masroor Ellahi Babar ◽  
Rudolf Pichler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Domestic Ruminants

Evaluating the sensitivity of ecological indicators with a perspective of temporal scales

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1664
Author(s):  
Chongliang Zhang ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Yiping Ren ◽  
Rong Wan
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Indicators ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Fishing Pressure ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Non Linear

This simulation study tests the sensitivity of 12 candidate ecological indicators (EIs) that characterise fish abundance, body size and trophodynamics with respect to temporal scales. Size-spectrum models that explicitly account for trophic interactions are used to simulate community dynamics under different levels of fishing pressure, including a specific model of the fish community in Haizhou Bay, China, and trait-based models of generalised fishery systems. The sensitivity of EIs is characterised by (1) responsiveness, which refers to the dynamics of EI values with respect to the magnitude of changes in fishing effort, and (2) detectability, which measures the relative changes of EI with respect to reference baselines. The response of EIs is substantially non-linear over time. Most EIs are responsive to the reduction of fishing effort and have low detectability under high fishing pressure. Both characteristics of sensitivity tend to increase in the early years and level off in 2 decades, suggesting transient behaviours in EI dynamics. The results suggested the essential non-linear dynamics of EIs resulting from underlying trophic interactions and the potential misinterpretation of the temporal EIs dynamics. We highlight the necessity of considering temporal scales and fishing characteristics in applying EIs in fishery management.

scholarly journals Big city, small world: density, contact rates, and transmission of dengue across Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (111) ◽  
pp. 20150468 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. U. G. Kraemer ◽  
T. A. Perkins ◽  
D. A. T. Cummings ◽  
R. Zakar ◽  
S. I. Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Small World ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Equal Chance

Macroscopic descriptions of populations commonly assume that encounters between individuals are well mixed; i.e. each individual has an equal chance of coming into contact with any other individual. Relaxing this assumption can be challenging though, due to the difficulty of acquiring detailed knowledge about the non-random nature of encounters. Here, we fitted a mathematical model of dengue virus transmission to spatial time-series data from Pakistan and compared maximum-likelihood estimates of ‘mixing parameters’ when disaggregating data across an urban–rural gradient. We show that dynamics across this gradient are subject not only to differing transmission intensities but also to differing strengths of nonlinearity due to differences in mixing. Accounting for differences in mobility by incorporating two fine-scale, density-dependent covariate layers eliminates differences in mixing but results in a doubling of the estimated transmission potential of the large urban district of Lahore. We furthermore show that neglecting spatial variation in mixing can lead to substantial underestimates of the level of effort needed to control a pathogen with vaccines or other interventions. We complement this analysis with estimates of the relationships between dengue transmission intensity and other putative environmental drivers thereof.

Contributions to a review of the Dendrelaphis pictus complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) – 1. Description of a sympatric species

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
J. van Rooijen
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
A New Species

Abstract A new species of the colubrid genus Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890 is described. Dendrelaphis haasi sp. nov. ranges from the Malaysian Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Within this range it also inhabits the islands of Pulau Tioman, Nias, Billiton and the Mentawei Archipelago. D. haasi is similar to Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) with which it occurs sympatrically. However, univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrate that D. haasi differs from D. pictus in several aspects of its coloration and morphology. D. haasi differs from D. pictus in possessing a faint, instead of bright, ventrolateral line, a narrow, instead of broad, postocular stripe, broader vertebral scales, a lower number of temporal scales, a higher number of subcaudals, a smaller eye, a longer tail and a parietal scale that extends further down the side of the head. The discovery of D. haasi as well as the recent description of D. kopsteini Vogel and Van Rooijen, 2007, both fairly common species, demonstrate that the systematics of Dendrelaphis are still poorly explored and thus need further investigation. An updated key to the Dendrelaphis-species of the Sunda Region is provided.

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