scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections of the Nervous System

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naseer A. Kutchy ◽  
Eric S. Peeples ◽  
Susmita Sil ◽  
Ke Liao ◽  
Ernest T. Chivero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Hiv 1

Almost all types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs such as exosomes and microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 1000 nm in diameter. Under normal conditions, EVs mediate cell to cell as well as inter-organ communication via the shuttling of their cargoes which include RNA, DNA and proteins. Under pathological conditions, however, the number, size and content of EVs are found to be altered and have been shown to play crucial roles in disease progression. Emerging studies have demonstrated that EVs are involved in many aspects of viral infection-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we will describe the interactions between EV biogenesis and the release of virus particles while also reviewing the role of EVs in various viral infections, such as HIV-1, HTLV, Zika, CMV, EBV, Hepatitis B and C, JCV, and HSV-1. We will also discuss the potential uses of EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles for viral infections.

scholarly journals The role of the metabolite cargo of extracellular vesicles in tumor progression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Harmati ◽  
Mátyás Bukva ◽  
Tímea Böröczky ◽  
Krisztina Buzás ◽  
Edina Gyukity-Sebestyén
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function

AbstractMetabolomic reprogramming in tumor and stroma cells is a hallmark of cancer but understanding its effects on the metabolite composition and function of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is still in its infancy. EVs are membrane-bound sacs with a complex molecular composition secreted by all living cells. They are key mediators of intercellular communication both in normal and pathological conditions and play a crucial role in tumor development. Although lipids are major components of EVs, most of the EV cargo studies have targeted proteins and nucleic acids. The potential of the EV metabolome as a source for biomarker discovery has gained recognition recently, but knowledge on the biological activity of tumor EV metabolites still remains limited. Therefore, we aimed (i) to compile the list of metabolites identified in tumor EVs isolated from either clinical specimens or in vitro samples and (ii) describe their role in tumor progression through literature search and pathway analysis.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Allies of HIV, HCV and SARS Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Giannessi ◽  
Alessandra Aiello ◽  
Francesca Franchi ◽  
Zulema Antonia Percario ◽  
Elisabetta Affabris
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Suitable Environment

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed entities containing proteins and nucleic acids that mediate intercellular communication, in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs resemble enveloped viruses in both structural and functional aspects. In full analogy with viral biogenesis, some of these vesicles are generated inside cells and, once released into the extracellular milieu, are called “exosomes”. Others bud from the plasma membrane and are generally referred to as “microvesicles”. In this review, we will discuss the state of the art of the current studies on the relationship between EVs and viruses and their involvement in three important viral infections caused by HIV, HCV and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) viruses. HIV and HCV are two well-known pathogens that hijack EVs content and release to create a suitable environment for viral infection. SARS viruses are a new entry in the world of EVs studies, but are equally important in this historical framework. A thorough knowledge of the involvement of the EVs in viral infections could be helpful for the development of new therapeutic strategies to counteract different pathogens.

scholarly journals Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Puhm ◽  
Eric Boilard ◽  
Kellie R. Machlus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Caobi ◽  
Madhavan Nair ◽  
Andrea D. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Neurotropic Viruses ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Response Modulation ◽  
Potential Use

Most cells can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles containing various proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and signaling molecules. The exchange of EVs between cells facilitates intercellular communication, amplification of cellular responses, immune response modulation, and perhaps alterations in viral pathogenicity. EVs serve a dual role in inhibiting or enhancing viral infection and pathogenesis. This review examines the current literature on EVs to explore the complex role of EVs in the enhancement, inhibition, and potential use as a nanotherapeutic against clinically relevant viruses, focusing on neurotropic viruses: Zika virus (ZIKV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, this review’s scope will elaborate on EV-based mechanisms, which impact viral pathogenicity, facilitate viral spread, and modulate antiviral immune responses.

scholarly journals Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan J. Vechetti
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Isolation Methods

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially characterized as “garbage bags” with the purpose of removing unwanted material from cells. It is now becoming clear that EVs mediate intercellular communication between distant cells through a transfer of genetic material, a process important to the systemic adaptation in physiological and pathological conditions. Although speculative, it has been suggested that the majority of EVs that make it into the bloodstream would be coming from skeletal muscle, since it is one of the largest organs in the human body. Although it is well established that skeletal muscle secretes peptides (currently known as myokines) into the bloodstream, the notion that skeletal muscle releases EVs is in its infancy. Besides intercellular communication and systemic adaptation, EV release could represent the mechanism by which muscle adapts to certain stimuli. This review summarizes the current understanding of EV biology and biogenesis and current isolation methods and briefly discusses the possible role EVs have in regulating skeletal muscle mass.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Shuttles for Targeted Therapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Raimondo ◽  
Gianluca Giavaresi ◽  
Aurelio Lorico ◽  
Riccardo Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
And Function ◽  
Potential Use

The development of effective nanosystems for drug delivery represents a key challenge for the improvement of most current anticancer therapies. Recent progress in the understanding of structure and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs)—specialized membrane-bound nanocarriers for intercellular communication—suggests that they might also serve as optimal delivery systems of therapeutics. In addition to carrying proteins, lipids, DNA and different forms of RNAs, EVs can be engineered to deliver specific bioactive molecules to target cells. Exploitation of their molecular composition and physical properties, together with improvement in bio-techniques to modify their content are critical issues to target them to specific cells/tissues/organs. Here, we will discuss the current developments in the field of animal and plant-derived EVs toward their potential use for delivery of therapeutic agents in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on cancer.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3696
Author(s):  
Kevin Ho Wai Yim ◽  
Ala’a Al Hrout ◽  
Simone Borgoni ◽  
Richard Chahwan
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Intercellular Communications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potent and intricate intercellular communication networks. From their first discovery almost forty years ago, several studies have bolstered our understanding of these nano-vesicular structures. EV subpopulations are now characterized by differences in size, surface markers, cargo, and biological effects. Studies have highlighted the importance of EVs in biology and intercellular communication, particularly during immune and tumor interactions. These responses can be equally mediated at the proteomic and epigenomic levels through surface markers or nucleic acid cargo signaling, respectively. Following the exponential growth of EV studies in recent years, we herein synthesize new aspects of the emerging immune–tumor EV-based intercellular communications. We also discuss the potential role of EVs in fundamental immunological processes under physiological conditions, viral infections, and tumorigenic conditions. Finally, we provide insights on the future prospects of immune–tumor EVs and suggest potential avenues for the use of EVs in diagnostics and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Rapid Localization of Gag/GagPol Complexes to Detergent-Resistant Membrane during the Assembly of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 3973-3984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabih Halwani ◽  
Ahmad Khorchid ◽  
Shan Cen ◽  
Lawrence Kleiman
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Detergent Resistant Membrane

ABSTRACT During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly in HIV-1-transfected COS7 cells, almost all steady-state Gag/Gag and Gag/GagPol complexes are membrane bound. However, exposure to 1% Triton X-100 gives results indicating that while all Gag/GagPol complexes remain associated with the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM), only 30% of Gag/Gag complexes are associated with the DRM. Analysis of the localization of newly synthesized Gag/Gag and Gag/GagPol to the membrane indicates that after a 10-min pulse with radioactive [35S]Cys-[35S]Met, all newly synthesized Gag/GagPol is found at the DRM. Only 30% of newly synthesized Gag/Gag moves to the membrane, and at 0 min of chase, only 38% of this membrane-bound Gag/Gag is associated with the DRM. During the first 30 min of chase, most membrane-bound Gag/Gag moves to the DRM, while between 30 and 60 min of chase, there is a significant decrease in membrane-bound Gag/Gag and Gag/GagPol. Since the localization of newly synthesized Gag/Gag to the DRM and the interaction of GagPol with Gag both depend upon Gag multimerization, the rapid localization of GagPol to the DRM probably reflects the interaction of all newly synthesized GagPol with the first newly synthesized polymeric Gag to associate with the DRM.

Role of extracellular vesicles in nephrology. Prospective use in therapy of kidneys and urinary tract diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Vashchenko ◽  
Petr D. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Cellular Communications ◽  
Alarm System ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Diagnostics And Therapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent heterogeneous population of the microparticles liberated by almost all live cages which are widely investigated recently in various biological and medical areas. They usually consist of two basic types (exosomes and microvesicles) and recently draw the increasing attention in quality mesenges of the cellular alarm system. Really, these vesicles can influence on cages-recipients, transferring and delivering difficult complexes of biomolecules (the lipids, proteins, coagulation factors, antigene, nucleinic acids), protected from enzymatic to degradation in environment. Importance EVs has been shown in pathophysiology several bodies, in particular, in kidneys where various types of cages нефрона allocate EVs which mediate their communication with underlaying cages urinogenous ways. By numerous researches it is established that EVs are involved in cellular communications during the regenerative and pathological processes occurring in a kidney. During the last years also it has been proved that vesicles play an important role in normal physiology of kidneys. Though many mechanisms EVs at illnesses are still studied insufficiently, in particular, in kidneys, opening of a role of additional mechanisms can help to throw light on the biological processes proceeding in kidneys. Eventually, extracellular vesicles, allocated with nephritic cages, collect in urine, becoming, thus, the big resource as markers of illnesses urinogenous a path and the perspective noninvasive diagnostic tool at nephritic illnesses. In the present review we discuss the latest data about a role EVs in pathophysiology of kidneys and their potential prospects in diagnostics and therapy of nephritic illness.

scholarly journals Role of HIV-1 RNA and protein determinants for the selective packaging of spliced and unspliced viral RNA and host U6 and 7SL RNA in virus particles

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (20) ◽  
pp. 8915-8927 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Didierlaurent ◽  
P. J. Racine ◽  
L. Houzet ◽  
C. Chamontin ◽  
B. Berkhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Rna ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
7Sl Rna ◽  
Hiv 1
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