scholarly journals Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Recent Findings about Its Occurrence in Pigs

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Marina L. Mechler-Dreibi ◽  
Henrique M. S. Almeida ◽  
Igor R. H. Gatto
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen belonging to the Pestivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, which comprises viral species that causes an economic impact in animal production. Cattle are the natural host of BVDV and the main source of infection for pigs and other animal species. Due to its antigenic and genetic similarity with other important pestiviruses such as Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), several studies have been conducted to elucidate the real role of this virus in piglets, sows, and boars, not only in the field but also in experimental infections, which will be discussed in this paper. Although BVDV does not pose a threat to pigs as it does to ruminants, the occurrence of clinical signs is variable and may depend on several factors. Therefore, this study presents a survey of data on BVDV infection in pigs, comparing information on prevalence in different countries and the results of experimental infections to understand this type of infection in pigs better.

scholarly journals Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in pigs: why is this situation important for Brazilian herds?

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida ◽  
Igor Renan Honorato Gatto ◽  
Anne Caroline Ramos dos Santos ◽  
Daniele Araujo Pereira ◽  
Karla Alvarenga Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
And Control ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Practical Implications

ABSTRACT: Swine can be infected by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) under natural conditions. For this reason, further information and divulgation are needed regarding the pathogenicity of this virus in swine. This infection is practically unknown in the realm of pig farming, and, as it shares some similarities with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), its diagnosis becomes a challenge for official sanitary programs. Studies have shown the absence of clinical signs in piglets and reproductive problems in sows due to BVDV infections. There is little research on the prevalence, risk factors, preventive measures and control of BVDV in pigs around the world. And in Brazil, the data is practically non-existent. At the time of diagnosis, comparing the most efficient laboratory tests such as virus neutralization, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence so as to minimize the risk of cross serological reactions when dealing with a persistent or transient infection, can be an important tool. Moreover, the practical implications for CSFV eradication programs are a main reason for the development of further research against this infection. Therefore, this paper aims to review various aspects of BVDV infection in pigs, and how this information can be important for Brazilian herds.

scholarly journals Protection of Piglets with Maternally Derived Antibodies from Sows Inoculated with an Attenuated Live Marker Classical Swine Fever Vaccine (Flc-LOM-BErns)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
SeEun Choe ◽  
Jihye Shin ◽  
Ki-Sun Kim ◽  
Sok Song ◽  
Ra Mi Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Here, we investigated the protective efficacy provided by passive immunity induced by a classical swine fever (Flc-LOM-BErns) vaccine with the newly developed DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) function. Ten pigs (aged 40–60 days) with maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) obtained from sows inoculated with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were challenged with virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Pigs with an MDA titer of 6 log2 induced by the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were fully protected against virulent CSFV challenge but not the pigs with an MDA titer under 5 log2. In addition, Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine-derived MDAs successfully differentiated vaccinated pigs by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Erns/CSFV Erns antibody detection, functioning as a DIVA.

scholarly journals Isolation and Genetic Analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus from Infected Cattle in Indiana

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman M. Pogranichniy ◽  
Megan E. Schnur ◽  
Eran A. Raizman ◽  
Duane A. Murphy ◽  
Maria Negron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Mucosal Disease ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Species and biotype distribution was determined in 44 bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV-) positive samples submitted to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (ADDL) in Indiana during 2006–2008. BVDV RNA was detected in the 5′-untranslated region and Nproregion using reverse transcriptase PCR followed by sequencing analysis of the PCR product. Additionally, cases were classified into one of six categories according to history and/or lesions: acute symptomatic, hemorrhagic, respiratory distress, reproductive, persistent infection (PI), and mucosal disease (MD). Of 44 BVDV-positive samples, 33 were noncytopathic (ncp), 10 were cytopathic (cp), and one presented both ncp and cp biotypes. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that all samples belonged to BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, or BVDV-2. The most common isolate was ncp BVDV-1b, (44%) followed by ncp BVDV-2a (24%). Among the six categories, respiratory clinical signs were the most common (36%) followed by PI (25%) and MD (16%).

scholarly journals Role of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Entry of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (21) ◽  
pp. 10862-10867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Krey ◽  
Etienne Moussay ◽  
Heinz-Jürgen Thiel ◽  
Till Rümenapf
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT Among several proposed cellular receptors for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is of special interest because it is also considered a receptor for the related hepatitis C virus. It has been reported that an anti-LDL receptor monoclonal antibody blocked the infection of bovine cells by BVDV and that the resistance of bovine CRIB cells (cells resistant to infection with BVDV) (E. F. Flores and R. O. Donis, Virology 208:565-575, 1995) to BVDV infection was due to a lack of the LDL receptor (V. Agnello et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12766-12771, 1999). In connection with our studies on BVDV entry, we reevaluated the putative role of the LDL receptor as a cellular receptor for BVDV. It was first clearly demonstrated that neither of two monoclonal antibodies against the LDL receptor inhibited BVDV infection of two bovine cell lines. Furthermore, the LDL receptor was detected on the surface of CRIB cells. The functionality of the LDL receptor on CRIB cells was demonstrated by the internalization of fluorescently labeled LDL. In conclusion, at present no experimental evidence supports an involvement of the LDL receptor in BVDV invasion.

scholarly journals An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Yusuke Goto ◽  
Gakuji Yaegashi ◽  
Kazuhiro Fukunari ◽  
Tohru Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14–21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of reindeer with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Morton ◽  
J.F. Evermann ◽  
R.A. Dieterich
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Two 8-month reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>) and a 1-month-old Hereford-Holstein calf (<em>Bos taurus</em>) were inoculated intranasally with the Singer (cytopathogenic) strain of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus. Clinical signs in reindeer included loose stools containing blood and mucus, and transient laminitis or coronitis. Signs in the calf were limited to bloody mucus in the stool and lesions in the nasal mucosa. Antibody titers to BVD virus in the reindeer were intermittent, and titers in the calf persisted from days 14 to 63 post-inoculation (PI). Viremia was detected on PI day 4 in one reindeer, days 3-7 in the other, and days 2-7 in the calf. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from the lung of the calf at necropsy (PI day 63).

scholarly journals Transmission of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus to Adult Goats from Persistently Infected Cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Broaddus ◽  
G. Reed Holyoak ◽  
Lionel Dawson ◽  
D. L. Step ◽  
Rebecca A. Funk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

The transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from persistently infected (PI) heifers to adult seronegative goats was examined in this study. Ten seronegative adult goats were exposed to 4 PI heifers. None of the goats developed any clinical signs but all goats seroconverted by 42 days after exposure to the PI cattle. Results indicate that goats are susceptible to BVDV infection when housed with PI cattle.

Immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus—looking at newly defined targets

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. L. Chase ◽  
Neelu Thakur ◽  
Mahmoud F. Darweesh ◽  
Susan E. Morarie-Kane ◽  
Mrigendra K. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
New Information ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

AbstractBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has long been associated with a wide variety of clinical syndromes and immune dysregulation, many which result in secondary bacterial infections. Current understanding of immune cell interactions that result in activation and tolerance are explored in light of BVDV infection including: depletion of lymphocytes, effects on neutrophils, natural killer cells, and the role of receptors and cytokines. In addition, we review some new information on the effect of BVDV on immune development in the fetal liver, the role of resident macrophages, and greater implications for persistent infection.

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