scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequencing, Molecular Epidemiological, and Pathogenicity Analysis of Pigeon Paramyxoviruses Type 1 Isolated in Guangxi, China during 2012–2018

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying He ◽  
Bingxia Lu ◽  
Kiril M. Dimitrov ◽  
Jiaxing Liang ◽  
Zhongwei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Epidemiology Studies ◽  
In Vivo Characterization ◽  
And Control

Newcastle disease is an important poultry disease that also affects Columbiform birds. The viruses adapted to pigeons and doves are referred to as pigeon paramyxoviruses 1 (PPMV-1). PPMV-1 are frequently isolated from pigeons worldwide and have the potential to cause disease in chickens. The complete genomes of 18 PPMV-1 isolated in China during 2012–2018 were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses showed that five of the viruses belong to sub-genotype VI1.2.1.1.2.1 and 13 isolates belong to sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2. The results demonstrate that these sub-genotypes have been predominant in China during the last decade. The viruses of these sub-genotypes have been independently maintained and continuously evolved for over 20 years, and differ significantly from those causing outbreaks worldwide during the 1980s to 2010s. The viral reservoir remains unknown and possibilities of the viruses being maintained in both pigeon farms and wild bird populations are viable. In vivo characterization of the isolates’ pathogenicity estimated mean death times between 62 and 114 h and intracerebral pathogenicity indices between 0.00 and 0.63. Cross-reactivity testing showed minor antigenic differences between the studied viruses and the genotype II LaSota vaccine. These data will facilitate PPMV-1 epidemiology studies, vaccine development, and control of Newcastle disease in pigeons and poultry.

scholarly journals A Novel Cre Recombinase-MediatedIn VivoMinicircle DNA (CRIM) Vaccine Provides Partial Protection against Newcastle Disease Virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlong Jiang ◽  
Xing Gao ◽  
Ke Xu ◽  
Jianzhong Wang ◽  
Haibin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cre Recombinase ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Veterinary Vaccine ◽  
Minicircle Dna

ABSTRACTMinicircle DNA (mcDNA), which contains only the necessary components for eukaryotic expression and is thus smaller than traditional plasmids, has been designed for application in genetic manipulation. In this study, we constructed a novel plasmid containing both the Cre recombinase under the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and recombinantlox66andlox71sites located outside the cytomegalovirus (CMV) expression cassette. The strictly controlled synthesis of Cre recombinasein vivomaintained the complete form of the plasmidin vitro, whereas thein vivoproduction of Cre transformed the parental plasmid to mcDNA after transfection. The newly designedCrerecombinase-mediatedin vivomcDNA platform, named CRIM, significantly increased the nuclear entry of mcDNA, followed by increased production of mRNA and protein, using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a model. Similar results were also observed in chickens when the vaccine was delivered by the regulated-delayed-lysisSalmonellastrain χ11218, where significantly increased production of EGFP was observed in chicken livers. Then, we used the HN gene of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus as an antigen model to construct the traditional plasmid pYL43 and the novel mcDNA plasmid pYL47. After immunization, our CRIM vaccine provided significantly increased protection against challenge compared with that of the traditional plasmid, providing us with a novel mcDNA vaccine platform.IMPORTANCEMinicircle DNA (mcDNA) has been considered an attractive alternative to DNA vaccines; however, the relatively high cost and complicated process of purifying mcDNA dramatically restricts the application of mcDNA in the veterinary field. We designed a novelin vivomcDNA platform in which the complete plasmid could spontaneously transform into mcDNAin vivo. In combination with the regulated-delayed-lysisSalmonellastrain, the newly designed mcDNA vaccine provides us with an elegant platform for veterinary vaccine development.

scholarly journals Antigenic Diversity of Human Norovirus Capsid Proteins Based on the Cross-Reactivities of Their Antisera

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Junshan Gao ◽  
Yueting Zuo ◽  
Liang Xue ◽  
Linping Wang ◽  
Yanhui Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Antigenic Diversity ◽  
P Proteins ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Potential Use

Human norovirus (HuNoV), which is the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis, has broad antigenic diversity; thus, the development of a broad-spectrum vaccine is challenging. To establish the relationship between viral genetic diversity and antigenic diversity, capsid P proteins and antisera of seven GI and 16 GII HuNoV genotypes were analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that HuNoV antisera strongly reacted with the homologous capsid P proteins (with titers > 5 × 104). However, 17 (73.9%) antisera had weak or no cross-reactivity with heterologous genotypes. Interestingly, the GII.5 antiserum cross-reacted with seven (30.4%) capsid P proteins (including pandemic genotypes GII.4 and GII.17), indicating its potential use for HuNoV vaccine development. Moreover, GI.2 and GI.6 antigens reacted widely with heterologous antisera (n ≥ 5). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses of the P proteins revealed conserved regions, which may be responsible for the immune crossover reactivity observed. These findings may be helpful in identifying broad-spectrum epitopes with clinical value for the development of a future vaccine.

Cross-species transmission and recombination of ‘AIDS’ viruses

1995 ◽  
Vol 349 (1327) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by two different Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Closely related viruses (SIVs) are found in many species of non-human primates. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that cross-species transmission events have been quite frequent. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 appear to have resulted from multiple transfers of lentiviruses naturally infecting other primates; the source of HIV-2 appears to have been sooty mangabeys, whereas for HIV-1 the source may have been chimpanzees. Phylogenetic analyses also provide evidence that recombination has occurred between divergent viruses in vivo . Evolutionary trees based on various regions of the viral genome generally have consistent branching orders. However, some isolates fall into significantly different phylogenetic positions, indicating that their genomes are mosaics of sequences with different evolutionary histories. This implies that co-infection with highly divergent viral strains can occur in HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected primates; this could lead to the generation of hybrid genomes with significantly altered biological properties, and also has important implications for HIV vaccine development programmes.

scholarly journals Lesion Formation and Antibody Response Induced by Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis-Associated Spirochetes in a Murine Abscess Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 4400-4408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret K. Elliott ◽  
David P. Alt ◽  
Richard L. Zuerner
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Digital Dermatitis ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Antigenic Relatedness ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Antigenic Targets ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation

ABSTRACT Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD), also known as hairy heel wart, is a growing cause of lameness of cows in the U.S. dairy industry. Farms with PDD-afflicted cows experience economic loss due to treatment costs, decreased milk production, lower reproductive efficiency, and premature culling. While the exact cause of PDD is unknown, lesion development is associated with the presence of anaerobic spirochetes. This study was undertaken to investigate the virulence and antigenic relatedness of four previously isolated Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes (1A, 3A, 4A, and 5B) by using a mouse abscess model with subcutaneous inoculation of 109, 1010, and 1011 spirochetes. Each of the PDD isolates induced abscess formation, with strain 3A causing cutaneous ulceration. Lesion development and antibody responses were dose dependent and differed significantly from those seen with the nonpathogenic human T. phagedenis strain. Strains 3A, 4A, and 5B showed two-way cross-reactivity with each other and a one-way cross-reaction with T. phagedenis. Strain 5B showed one-way cross-reactivity with 1A. None of the isolates showed cross-reactivity with T. denticola. In addition, distinct differences in immunoglobulin G subclass elicitation occurred between the PDD strains and T. phagedenis. From these data, we conclude that spirochetes isolated from PDD lesions have differential virulence and antigenic traits in vivo. Continuing investigation of these properties is important for the elucidation of virulence mechanisms and antigenic targets for vaccine development.

Experimental Study of the Impact of Alisma plantago-aquatica Secretions on Pathogenic Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
O. Zhukorskyy ◽  
O. Hulay
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Popula Tions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To estimate the impact of in vivo secretions of water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) on the popula- tions of pathogenic bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Methods. The plants were isolated from their natural conditions, the roots were washed from the substrate residues and cultivated in laboratory conditions for 10 days to heal the damage. Then the water was changed; seven days later the selected samples were sterilized using fi lters with 0.2 μm pore diameter. The dilution of water plantain root diffusates in the experimental samples was 1:10–1:10,000. The initial density of E. rhusiopathiae bacteria populations was the same for both experimental and control samples. The estimation of the results was conducted 48 hours later. Results. When the dilution of root diffusates was 1:10, the density of erysipelothrixes in the experimental samples was 11.26 times higher than that of the control, on average, the dilution of 1:100 − 6.16 times higher, 1:1000 – 3.22 times higher, 1:10,000 – 1.81 times higher, respectively. Conclusions. The plants of A. plantago-aquatica species are capable of affecting the populations of E. rhusiopathiae pathogenic bacteria via the secretion of biologically active substances into the environment. The consequences of this interaction are positive for the abovementioned bacteria, which is demon- strated by the increase in the density of their populations in the experiment compared to the control. The intensity of the stimulating effect on the populations of E. rhusiopathiae in the root diffusates of A. plantago-aquatica is re- ciprocally dependent on the degree of their dilution. The investigated impact of water plantain on erysipelothrixes should be related to the topical type of biocenotic connections, the formation of which between the test species in the ecosystems might promote maintaining the potential of natural focus of rabies. Keywords: Alisma plantago-aquatica, in vivo secretions, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, population density, topical type of connections.

In-vivo evaluation of lipid lowering ability of Chloris paraguaiensis extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Pavani C H
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
And Control

Hyperlipidemia is the immediate results of the excessive fat intake in food. This results in the elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. This leads to heart conditions like CAD, hypertension, congestive heart failure as risk factors which can be lethal. There are many drugs to treat and control the lipids levels in the body. These drugs are either designed to prevent LDL accumulation and VLDL synthesis. Some drugs also lower the elevated levels of saturated lipids in the body. But many drugs are known to cause side effects and adverse effects; therefore, alternatives to the drugs are the subjects for current investigations. Herbs and medicinal plants are used as treatment sources for many years. They have been used in the Indian medical systems like Ayurveda, Siddha etc. As the application of herbs in the treatment is growing, there is an urgent need for the establishment of Pharmacological reasoning and standardization of the activity of the medicinal plants. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud. is Poyaceae member that is called locally as Uppugaddi. Traditionally it is used to treat Rheumatism, Diabetes, fever and diarrhoea. The chemical constituents are known to have anti-oxidant properties and most of the anti-oxidants have anti-hyperlipidemic activity too. Since the plant has abundant flavonoid and phenol content, the current research focusses on the investigation of the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the plant Chloris extracts. Extracts of Chloris at 200mg/kg showed a comparably similar anti hyperlipidemia activity to that of the standard drug. The extracts showed a dose based increase in the activity at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight.

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