scholarly journals Lactococcus Ceduovirus Phages Isolated from Industrial Dairy Plants—From Physiological to Genomic Analyses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Chmielewska-Jeznach ◽  
Jacek K. Bardowski ◽  
Agnieszka K. Szczepankowska
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Tape Measure Protein ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Specific Phage ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Milk Fermentation ◽  
Phage Proteins

Lactococcus Ceduovirus (formerly c2virus) bacteriophages are among the three most prevalent phage types reported in dairy environments. Phages from this group conduct a strictly lytic lifestyle and cause substantial losses during milk fermentation processes, by infecting lactococcal host starter strains. Despite their deleterious activity, there are limited research data concerning Ceduovirus phages. To advance our knowledge on this specific phage group, we sequenced and performed a comparative analysis of 10 new Lactococcus lactis Ceduovirus phages isolated from distinct dairy environments. Host range studies allowed us to distinguish the differential patterns of infection of L. lactis cells for each phage, and revealed a broad host spectrum for most of them. We showed that 40% of the studied Ceduovirus phages can infect both cremoris and lactis strains. A preference to lyse strains with the C-type cell wall polysaccharide genotype was observed. Phage whole-genome sequencing revealed an average nucleotide identity above 80%, with distinct regions of divergence mapped to several locations. The comparative approach for analyzing genomic data and the phage lytic spectrum suggested that the amino acid sequence of the orf8-encoded putative tape measure protein correlates with host range. Phylogenetic studies revealed separation of the sequenced phages into two subgroups. Finally, we identified three types of phage origin of replication regions, and showed they are able to support plasmid replication without additional phage proteins.

scholarly journals Classification of Lytic Bacteriophages Attacking Dairy Leuconostoc Starter Strains

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 3628-3636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Ali ◽  
Witold Kot ◽  
Zeynep Atamer ◽  
Jörg Hinrichs ◽  
Finn K. Vogensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Leuconostoc Pseudomesenteroides ◽  
Different Sources

ABSTRACTA set of 83 lytic dairy bacteriophages (phages) infecting flavor-producing mesophilic starter strains of theLeuconostocgenus was characterized, and the first in-depth taxonomic scheme was established for this phage group. Phages were obtained from different sources, i.e., from dairy samples originating from 11 German dairies (50Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides[Ln. pseudomesenteroides] phages, 4Ln. mesenteroidesphages) and from 3 external phage collections (17Ln. pseudomesenteroidesphages, 12Ln. mesenteroidesphages). All phages belonged to theSiphoviridaefamily of phages with isometric heads (diameter, 55 nm) and noncontractile tails (length, 140 nm). With the exception of one phage (i.e., phage ΦLN25), allLn. mesenteroidesphages lysed the same host strains and revealed characteristic globular baseplate appendages. Phage ΦLN25, with different Y-shaped appendages, had a unique host range. Apart from two phages (i.e., phages P792 and P793), allLn. pseudomesenteroidesphages shared the same host range and had plain baseplates without distinguishable appendages. They were further characterized by the presence or absence of a collar below the phage head or by unique tails with straight striations. Phages P792 and P793 with characteristic fluffy baseplate appendages could propagate only on other specific hosts. AllLn. mesenteroidesand allLn. pseudomesenteroidesphages were members of two (host species-specific) distinct genotypes but shared a limited conserved DNA region specifying their structural genes. A PCR detection system was established and was shown to be reliable for the detection of allLeuconostocphage types.

scholarly journals Investigation of Salmonella Phage–Bacteria Infection Profiles: Network Structure Reveals a Gradient of Target-Range from Generalist to Specialist Phage Clones in Nested Subsets

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Khatuna Makalatia ◽  
Elene Kakabadze ◽  
Nata Bakuradze ◽  
Nino Grdzelishvili ◽  
Ben Stamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Nested Subsets ◽  
Specific Phage ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Specialist Species ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Salmonella Phage

Bacteriophages that lyse Salmonella enterica are potential tools to target and control Salmonella infections. Investigating the host range of Salmonella phages is a key to understand their impact on bacterial ecology, coevolution and inform their use in intervention strategies. Virus–host infection networks have been used to characterize the “predator–prey” interactions between phages and bacteria and provide insights into host range and specificity. Here, we characterize the target-range and infection profiles of 13 Salmonella phage clones against a diverse set of 141 Salmonella strains. The environmental source and taxonomy contributed to the observed infection profiles, and genetically proximal phages shared similar infection profiles. Using in vitro infection data, we analyzed the structure of the Salmonella phage–bacteria infection network. The network has a non-random nested organization and weak modularity suggesting a gradient of target-range from generalist to specialist species with nested subsets, which are also observed within and across the different phage infection profile groups. Our results have implications for our understanding of the coevolutionary mechanisms shaping the ecological interactions between Salmonella phages and their bacterial hosts and can inform strategies for targeting Salmonella enterica with specific phage preparations.

scholarly journals Salmonella Typhimurium in livestock in Great Britain – trends observed over a 32-year period

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mueller-Doblies ◽  
K. C. R. Speed ◽  
S. Kidd ◽  
R. H. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Livestock Species ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Specific Phage ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn this retrospective study, we describe and analyse Salmonella data from four livestock species in Great Britain between 1983 and 2014, focusing on Salmonella Typhimurium. A total of 96 044 Salmonella isolates were obtained during the study period. S. Typhimurium was the predominant serovar isolated from cattle and pigs and represented 40.7% (18 455/45 336) and 58.3% (4495/7709) of isolates from these species respectively, while it only accounted for 6.7% (2114/31 492) of chicken isolates and 8.1% (926/11 507) of turkey isolates. Over the study period, DT104 was the most common phage type in all four species; however, DT104 peaked in occurrence between 1995 and 1999, but is currently rare.Monophasic strains of S. Typhimurium represented less than 3% of all Salmonella isolates in cattle and chickens in 2014, but accounted for 10.4% of all turkey isolates and 39.0% of all pig isolates in the same year.Salmonella isolates were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhimurium isolates is largely influenced by the dominance of specific phage types at a certain time, which are commonly associated with particular resistance patterns. Changes in resistance patterns over time were analysed and compared between species.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of Streptococcus thermophilus Phages in Global Dairy Fermentations

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Lavelle ◽  
Ines Martinez ◽  
Horst Neve ◽  
Gabriele Lugli ◽  
Charles Franz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Protein Phylogeny ◽  
Dairy Fermentation ◽  
Receptor Binding Protein

Streptococcus thermophilus strains are among the most widely employed starter cultures in dairy fermentations, second only to those of Lactococcus lactis. The extensive application of this species provides considerable opportunity for the proliferation of its infecting (bacterio)phages. Until recently, dairy streptococcal phages were classified into two groups (cos and pac groups), while more recently, two additional groups have been identified (5093 and 987 groups). This highlights the requirement for consistent monitoring of phage populations in the industry. Here, we report a survey of 35 samples of whey derived from 27 dairy fermentation facilities in ten countries against a panel of S. thermophilus strains. This culminated in the identification of 172 plaque isolates, which were characterized by multiplex PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and host range profiling. Based on this characterisation, 39 distinct isolates representing all four phage groups were selected for genome sequencing. Genetic diversity was observed among the cos isolates and correlations between receptor binding protein phylogeny and host range were also clear within this phage group. The 987 phages isolated within this study shared high levels of sequence similarity, yet displayed reduced levels of similarity to those identified in previous studies, indicating that they are subject to ongoing genetic diversification.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage Combinations Significantly Reduce Clostridium difficile GrowthIn Vitroand ProliferationIn Vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 968-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Y. Nale ◽  
Janice Spencer ◽  
Katherine R. Hargreaves ◽  
Anthony M. Buckley ◽  
Przemysław Trzepiński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Specific Phage

ABSTRACTThe microbiome dysbiosis caused by antibiotic treatment has been associated with both susceptibility to and relapse ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI). Bacteriophage (phage) therapy offers target specificity and dose amplificationin situ, but few studies have focused on its use in CDI treatment. This mainly reflects the lack of strictly virulent phages that target this pathogen. While it is widely accepted that temperate phages are unsuitable for therapeutic purposes due to their transduction potential, analysis of sevenC. difficilephages confirmed that this impact could be curtailed by the application of multiple phage types. Here, host range analysis of six myoviruses and one siphovirus was conducted on 80 strains representing 21 major epidemic and clinically severe ribotypes. The phages had complementary coverage, lysing 18 and 62 of the ribotypes and strains tested, respectively. Single-phage treatments of ribotype 076, 014/020, and 027 strains showed an initial reduction in the bacterial load followed by the emergence of phage-resistant colonies. However, these colonies remained susceptible to infection with an unrelated phage. In contrast, specific phage combinations caused the complete lysis ofC. difficilein vitroand prevented the appearance of resistant/lysogenic clones. Using a hamster model, the oral delivery of optimized phage combinations resulted in reducedC. difficilecolonization at 36 h postinfection. Interestingly, free phages were recovered from the bowel at this time. In a challenge model of the disease, phage treatment delayed the onset of symptoms by 33 h compared to the time of onset of symptoms in untreated animals. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of phage combinations to treat CDI.

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterization and Prevalence of Virulence Factors among Canadian Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (14) ◽  
pp. 4314-4323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Ziebell ◽  
Marina Steele ◽  
Yongxiang Zhang ◽  
Andrew Benson ◽  
Eduardo N. Taboada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Specific Phage ◽  
Genotypic Characterization ◽  
Variant Gene

ABSTRACT In this study, the association between genotypic and selected phenotypic characteristics was examined in a collection of Canadian Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated from humans and cattle in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Quebec. In a subset of 69 strains selected on the basis of specific phage types (PTs), a strong correlation between the lineage-specific polymorphism assay (LSPA6) genotype and PT was observed with all strains of PTs 4, 14, 21, 31, 33, and 87 belonging to the LSPA6 lineage I (LSPA6-LI) genotype, while those of PTs 23, 45, 67, and 74 belonged to LSPA6 lineage II (LSPA6-LII) genotypes. This correlation was maintained when additional strains of each PT were tested. E. coli O157:H7 strains with the LSPA6-LI genotype were much more common in the collection than were the LSPA6-LII or lineage I/II (LSPA6-LI/II)-related genotypes (82.6, 11.2, and 5.8%, respectively). Of the strains tested, proportionately more LSPA6-LI than LSPA6-LII genotype strains were isolated from humans (52.7% versus 19.7%) than from cattle (47.8% versus 80.2%). In addition, 96.7% of the LSPA6-LII strains carried the stx 2c variant gene, while only 50.0% of LSPA6-LI/II and 2.7% of LSPA6-LI strains carried this gene. LSPA6-LII strains were also significantly more likely to possess the colicin D gene, cda (50.8% versus 23.2%), and have combined resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline (72.1% versus 0.9%) than were LSPA6-LI strains. The LSPA6 genotype- and PT-related characteristics identified may be important markers of specific ecotypes of E. coli O157:H7 that have unique epidemiological and virulence characteristics.

scholarly journals Determinants of Phage Host Range inStaphylococcusSpecies

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham G. Moller ◽  
Jodi A. Lindsay ◽  
Timothy D. Read
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Phage ◽  
Genetic Background Effects ◽  
Restriction Modification

ABSTRACTBacteria in the genusStaphylococcusare important targets for phage therapy due to their prevalence as pathogens and increasing antibiotic resistance. Here we reviewStaphylococcusouter surface features and specific phage resistance mechanisms that define the host range, the set of strains that an individual phage can potentially infect. Phage infection goes through five distinct phases: attachment, uptake, biosynthesis, assembly, and lysis. Adsorption inhibition, encompassing outer surface teichoic acid receptor alteration, elimination, or occlusion, limits successful phage attachment and entry. Restriction-modification systems (in particular, type I and IV systems), which target phage DNA inside the cell, serve as the major barriers to biosynthesis as well as transduction and horizontal gene transfer between clonal complexes and species. Resistance to late stages of infection occurs through mechanisms such as assembly interference, in which staphylococcal pathogenicity islands siphon away superinfecting phage proteins to package their own DNA. While genes responsible for teichoic acid biosynthesis, capsule, and restriction-modification are found in mostStaphylococcusstrains, a variety of other host range determinants (e.g., clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, abortive infection, and superinfection immunity) are sporadic. The fitness costs of phage resistance through teichoic acid structure alteration could make staphylococcal phage therapies promising, but host range prediction is complex because of the large number of genes involved, and the roles of many of these are unknown. In addition, little is known about the genetic determinants that contribute to host range expansion in the phages themselves. Future research must identify host range determinants, characterize resistance development during infection and treatment, and examine population-wide genetic background effects on resistance selection.

scholarly journals Host Restriction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Pigeon Isolates Does Not Correlate with Loss of Discrete Genes

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (9) ◽  
pp. 2619-2628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene L. Andrews-Polymenis ◽  
Wolfgang Rabsch ◽  
Steffen Porwollik ◽  
Michael McClelland ◽  
Carlos Rosetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Dna Microarray ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Host Restriction ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Intestinal Persistence

ABSTRACT The definitive phage types (DT) 2 and 99 of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium are epidemiologically correlated with a host range restricted to pigeons, in contrast to phage types with broader host ranges such as epidemic cattle isolates (DT104 and DT204). To determine whether phage types with broad host range possess genetic islands absent from host-restricted phage types, we compared the genomes of four pigeon isolates to serotype Typhimurium strain LT2 using a DNA microarray. Three of the four isolates tested caused fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops, but they had reduced colonization of liver and spleen in susceptible BALB/c mice and were defective for intestinal persistence in Salmonella-resistant CBA mice. The genomes of the DT99 and DT2 isolates were extremely similar to the LT2 genome, with few notable differences on the level of complete individual genes. Two large groups of genes representing the Fels-1 and Fels-2 prophages were missing from the DT2 and DT99 phage types we analyzed. One of the DT99 isolates examined was lacking a third cluster of five chromosomal genes (STM1555 to -1559). Results of the microarray analysis were extended using Southern analysis to a collection of 75 serotype Typhimurium clinical isolates of 24 different phage types. This analysis revealed no correlation between the presence of Fels-1, Fels-2, or STM1555 to -1559 and the association of phage types with different host reservoirs. We conclude that serotype Typhimurium phage types with broad host range do not possess genetic islands influencing host restriction, which are absent from the host-restricted pigeon isolates.

scholarly journals Hospital infections in Spain. I.Staphylococcus aureus(1978–91)

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vindel ◽  
P. Trincado ◽  
MM. Martin De Nicolas ◽  
E. Gomez ◽  
C. Martin Bourgon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Group I ◽  
Sporadic Cases

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken to determine the distribution of phage types ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates from hospital outbreaks or sporadic cases received in our laboratory during the past 14 years. The records for 15803 isolates from 55 Spanish hospitals have been analysed.In relation to sporadic isolates we have been able to detect the predominance of phage group I and non-typable staphylococcal strains. Since 1989, we have observed a considerable increase in hospital infection caused by methicillin-resistantS. aureusstrains which we could differentiate in to two groups; one belonging to phage group III (6/47/54/75/77/84/85) and other groups of non-typable strains which could be classified as phage group I-III after heat treatment (29/77/84) and with similar patterns by reverse typing (6/47/53/54/75/83A/84/85/W57/1030/18042).During 1990 and 1991, these strains have extended widely to at least six different autonomous regions creating an epidemic situation in Spain.

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