scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Balke ◽  
Andris Zeltins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anticancer Vaccines ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
Near Future

Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions of the 20th century. All vaccines can be classified into different types, such as vaccines against infectious diseases, anticancer vaccines and vaccines against autoimmune diseases. In recent decades, recombinant technologies have enabled the design of experimental vaccines against a wide range of diseases using plant viruses and virus-like particles as central elements to stimulate protective and long-lasting immune responses. The analysis of recent publications shows that at least 97 experimental vaccines have been constructed based on plant viruses, including 71 vaccines against infectious agents, 16 anticancer vaccines and 10 therapeutic vaccines against autoimmune disorders. Several plant viruses have already been used for the development of vaccine platforms and have been tested in human and veterinary studies, suggesting that plant virus-based vaccines will be introduced into clinical and veterinary practice in the near future.

scholarly journals Influence from cosmological uncertainties on galaxy number count at faint limit

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (28) ◽  
pp. 1550139
Author(s):  
Keji Shen ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Xin-He Meng
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Evolution ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Number Count ◽  
Density Prediction ◽  
Evolution Pattern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical Cosmology ◽  
Cosmology Observations ◽  
Near Future

Counting galaxy number density with wide range sky surveys has been well adopted in researches focusing on revealing evolution pattern of different types of galaxies. As understood intuitively the astrophysics environment physics is intimately affected by cosmology priors with theoretical estimation or vice versa, or simply stating that the astrophysics effect couples the corresponding cosmology observations or the way backwards. In this paper, we try to quantify the influence on galaxy number density prediction at faint luminosity limit from the uncertainties in cosmology, and how much the uncertainties blur the detection of galaxy evolution, with the hope that this trying may indeed help for precise and physical cosmology study in near future or vice versa.

scholarly journals Two-Dimensional Optical Metasurfaces: From Plasmons to Dielectrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Liu ◽  
Kerui Song ◽  
Jiangnan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Metal Particles ◽  
Subwavelength Structures ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Unit Structure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Physical Fields ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Polarization Phase

Metasurfaces, kinds of planar ultrathin metamaterials, are able to modify the polarization, phase, and amplitude of physical fields of optical light by designed periodic subwavelength structures, attracting great interest in recent years. Based on the different type of the material, optical metasurfaces can be separated in two categories by the materials: one is metal and the other is dielectric. Metal metasurfaces rely on the surface plasma oscillations of subwavelength metal particles. Nevertheless, the loss caused by the metal structures has been a trouble, especially for devices working in transmit modes. The dielectric metasurfaces are based on the Faraday-Tyndall scattering of high-index dielectric light scattering particles. By reasonably designing the relevant parameters of the unit structure such as the size, direction, and shape, different functions of metasurfaces can realize and bring a wide range of applications. This article focuses on the metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflections and refractions and the working principle of different types of metasurfaces. Here, we briefly review the progress in developing optical over past few years and look into the near future.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Metagenomics: Advances in Virus Discovery

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Roossinck ◽  
Darren P. Martin ◽  
Philippe Roumagnac
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Virus Discovery ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Like Particles

In recent years plant viruses have been detected from many environments, including domestic and wild plants and interfaces between these systems—aquatic sources, feces of various animals, and insects. A variety of methods have been employed to study plant virus biodiversity, including enrichment for virus-like particles or virus-specific RNA or DNA, or the extraction of total nucleic acids, followed by next-generation deep sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. All of the methods have some shortcomings, but taken together these studies reveal our surprising lack of knowledge about plant viruses and point to the need for more comprehensive studies. In addition, many new viruses have been discovered, with most virus infections in wild plants appearing asymptomatic, suggesting that virus disease may be a byproduct of domestication. For plant pathologists these studies are providing useful tools to detect viruses, and perhaps to predict future problems that could threaten cultivated plants.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Epidemiology: Applications and Prospects for Mathematical Modeling and Analysis to Improve Understanding and Disease Control

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jeger ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
F. van den Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Disease Epidemics

In recent years, mathematical modeling has increasingly been used to complement experimental and observational studies of biological phenomena across different levels of organization. In this article, we consider the contribution of mathematical models developed using a wide range of techniques and uses to the study of plant virus disease epidemics. Our emphasis is on the extent to which models have contributed to answering biological questions and indeed raised questions related to the epidemiology and ecology of plant viruses and the diseases caused. In some cases, models have led to direct applications in disease control, but arguably their impact is better judged through their influence in guiding research direction and improving understanding across the characteristic spatiotemporal scales of plant virus epidemics. We restrict this article to plant virus diseases for reasons of length and to maintain focus even though we recognize that modeling has played a major and perhaps greater part in the epidemiology of other plant pathogen taxa, including vector-borne bacteria and phytoplasmas.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles Coated with Cell Membranes for Biomedical Applications

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Jiménez-Jiménez ◽  
Miguel Manzano ◽  
María Vallet-Regí
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
New Developments ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Near Future

Nanoparticles designed for diagnosing and treating different diseases have impacted the scientific research in biomedicine, and are expected to revolutionize the clinic in the near future through a new area called nanomedicine. In the last few years, a new approach in this field has emerged: the use of cell membranes for coating nanoparticles in an attempt to mimic the ability of cells to interface and interact with physiological environments. Although such functions have been replicated through synthetic techniques, many research groups are now employing naturally derived cell membranes to coat different types of nanoparticles in an attempt to improve their performance for a wide range of applications. This review summarizes the literature on nanoparticles coated with cell membranes and, more importantly, aims at inspiring and encouraging new developments to this technology in the biomedical area.

scholarly journals Rice Yellow Mottle Virus, an RNA Plant Virus, Evolves as Rapidly as Most RNA Animal Viruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 3584-3589 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fargette ◽  
A. Pinel ◽  
M. Rakotomalala ◽  
E. Sangu ◽  
O. Traoré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Evolution Rate ◽  
Rice Yellow Mottle Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yellow Mottle

ABSTRACT The rate of evolution of an RNA plant virus has never been estimated using temporally spaced sequence data, by contrast to the information available on an increasing range of animal viruses. Accordingly, the evolution rate of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) was calculated from sequences of the coat protein gene of isolates collected from rice over a 40-year period in different parts of Africa. The evolution rate of RYMV was estimated by pairwise distance linear regression on five phylogeographically defined groups comprising a total of 135 isolates. It was further assessed from 253 isolates collected all over Africa by Bayesian coalescent methods under strict and relaxed molecular clock models and under constant size and skyline population genetic models. Consistent estimates of the evolution rate between 4 × 10−4 and 8 × 10−4 nucleotides (nt)/site/year were obtained whatever method and model were applied. The synonymous evolution rate was between 8 × 10−4 and 11 × 10−4 nt/site/year. The overall and synonymous evolution rates of RYMV were within the range of the rates of 50 RNA animal viruses, below the average but above the distribution median. Experimentally, in host change studies, substitutions accumulated at an even higher rate. The results show that an RNA plant virus such as RYMV evolves as rapidly as most RNA animal viruses. Knowledge of the molecular clock of plant viruses provides methods for testing a wide range of biological hypotheses.

scholarly journals Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus: Several Features, Properties, and Application

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Donchenko ◽  
Ekaterina Trifonova ◽  
Nikolai Nikitin ◽  
Joseph Atabekov ◽  
Olga Karpova
Keyword(s):  
Genome Structure ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Target Antigen ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Time ◽  
High Immunogenicity

Alternanthera mosaic virus(AltMV) is a typical member of thePotexvirusgenus in its morphology and genome structure; still it exhibits a number of unique features. They allow this virus to be considered a promising object for biotechnology. Virions and virus-like particles (VLPs) of AltMV are stable in a wide range of conditions, including sera of laboratory animals. AltMV VLPs can assemble at various pH and ionic strengths. Furthermore, AltMV virions and VLPs demonstrate high immunogenicity, enhancing the immune response to the target antigen thus offering the possibility of being used as potential adjuvants. Recently, for the first time for plant viruses, we showed the structural difference between morphologically similar viral and virus-like particles on AltMV virions and VLPs. In this review, we discuss the features of AltMV virions, AltMV VLP assembly, and their structure and properties, as well as the characteristics of AltMV isolates, host plants, infection symptoms, AltMV isolation and purification, genome structure, viral proteins, and AltMV-based vectors.

Nanoparticles Functionalized with Venom-Derived Peptides and Toxins for Pharmaceutical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana P. dos Santos ◽  
Tamara G. de Araújo ◽  
Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Venom Peptides ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Animal Venoms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Venom-derived peptides display diverse biological and pharmacological activities, making them useful in drug discovery platforms and for a wide range of applications in medicine and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Due to their target specificities, venom peptides have the potential to be developed into biopharmaceuticals to treat various health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic pain. Despite the high potential for drug development, several limitations preclude the direct use of peptides as therapeutics and hamper the process of converting venom peptides into pharmaceuticals. These limitations include, for instance, chemical instability, poor oral absorption, short halflife, and off-target cytotoxicity. One strategy to overcome these disadvantages relies on the formulation of bioactive peptides with nanocarriers. A range of biocompatible materials are now available that can serve as nanocarriers and can improve the bioavailability of therapeutic and venom-derived peptides for clinical and diagnostic application. Examples of isolated venom peptides and crude animal venoms that have been encapsulated and formulated with different types of nanomaterials with promising results are increasingly reported. Based on the current data, a wealth of information can be collected regarding the utilization of nanocarriers to encapsulate venom peptides and render them bioavailable for pharmaceutical use. Overall, nanomaterials arise as essential components in the preparation of biopharmaceuticals that are based on biological and pharmacological active venom-derived peptides.

The chemistry of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5- ones as a privileged scaffold in synthesis of heterocycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen A.-M. Gomaa ◽  
Huda A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Azacrown Ethers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Privileged Scaffold ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Near Future

Background : The reactivity of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one DCNP 1 and its derivatives makes it valuable as a building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds like pyrazolo-imidazoles, - thiazoles, spiropyridines, spiropyrroles, spiropyrans and others. As a number of publications have reported on the reactivity of DCNP and its derivatives, we compiled some features of this interesting molecule. Objective: This article aims to review the preparation of DCNP, its reactivity and application in heterocyclic and dyes synthesis. Conclusion: In this review we have provided an overview of recent progress in the chemistry of DCNP and its significance in synthesis of various classes of heterocyclic compounds and dyes. The unique reactivity of DCNP offers unprecedentedly mild reaction conditions for the generation of versatile cynomethylene dyes from a wide range of precursors including amines, α-aminocarboxylic acids, their esters, phenols, malononitriles and azacrown ethers. We anticipate that more innovative transformations involving DCNP will continue to emerge in the near future.

Wetting of glass surface using natural surfactants

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihar Ranjan Biswal
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Glass Surface ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Synthetic Surfactant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Natural Surfactants ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Solid Liquid

Background: Surfactant adsorption at the interfaces (solid–liquid, liquid–air, or liquid–liquid) is receiving considerable attention from a long time due to its wide range of practical applications. Objective: Specifically wettability of solid surface by liquids is mainly measured by contact angle and has many practical importances where solid–liquid systems are used. Adsorption of surfactants plays an important role in the wetting process. The wetting behaviours of three plant-based natural surfactants (Reetha, Shikakai, and Acacia) on the glass surface are compared with one widely used nonionic synthetic surfactant (Triton X-100) and reported in this study. Methods: The dynamic contact angle study of three different types of plant surfactants (Reetha, Shikakai and Acacia) and one synthetic surfactant (Triton X 100) on the glass surface has been carried out. The effect of two different types of alcohols such as Methanol and amyl alcohol on wettability of shikakai, as it shows little higher value of contact angle on glass surface has been measured. Results: The contact angle measurements show that there is an increase in contact angle from 47° (pure water) to 67.72°, 65.57°, 68.84°, and 68.79° for Reetha, Acacia, Shikakai, and Triton X-100 respectively with the increase in surfactant concentration and remain constant at CMC. The change in contact angle of Shikakai-Amyl alcohol mixtures are slightly different than that of methanol-Shikakai mixture, mostly there is a gradual increase in contact angle with the increasing in alcohol concentration. Conclusion: There is no linear relationship between cos θ and inverse of surface tension. There was a linear increase in surface free energy results with increase in concentration as more surfactant molecules were adsorbing at the interface enhancing an increase in contact angle.

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