scholarly journals Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Felten ◽  
Katrin Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sample Material ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Veterinary Practitioner ◽  
Laboratory Changes ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians: clinical signs and laboratory changes are non-specific, and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus (FCoV), sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that vary fundamentally in their virulence, but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods. This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis. It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material. By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material, which can easily be accessed in tables, this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations. Additionally, diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities. These steps can easily be followed in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Diagnostic significance of clinical and para-clinical signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Pasik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Gallbladder Dyskinesia

Annotation. Respiratory diseases are relevant in pediatric practice, which is associated with its widespread and frequent complications, especially in young children. The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic value of clinical symptoms, laboratory and ultra-sonographic parameters in pneumonia in children of the first 3 years of life. A retrospective study of medical records of 218 children who were hospitalized in the department for young children diagnosed with pneumonia for the period from 2016 to 2018. The average age of children was 11.67±9.97 months and it was within the range from 1 month to 3 years. The ration of boys and girls was practically identical (51.8% and 48.2% accordingly). The first group included children aged under one year (the average age is 4.57±0.84 months; n=88). The second group included children aged from 1 to 3 years (the average age is 18.2±4.25 months; n=130). To characterize the information content of clinical and laboratory symptoms the study has used objective parameters defined as the operational characteristics of tests. The most important operational characteristics of diagnostic methods included: sensitivity (Se, sensitivity) and specificity (Sp, specificity). To check the statistical hypothesis on differences of absolute and relative frequencies, fractions, and ratios in two independent samples, the criteria of хі-square (χ2) was used. While detailing an anamnesis, the disease was more often related to untimely treatment and outpatient care. Various data were obtained on the absolute and relative risk, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the localization of pneumonia depending on age. Therefore, the incidence of bilateral pneumonia was considered an indicator of risk. On admission to hospital, the body temperature of patients was 38.2±0.66°С. Most of the complaints were on the unproductive or productive cough. Besides, in some cases, shortness of breath and runny nose were mentioned. Thus, in young children with pneumonia, a diagnostically significant clinical symptom is a bilateral lung impression (82.6%), compared with right-handed (15.1%) and left-handed (2.3%), which is significantly more common in children under 1-th year of life compared with patients 1–3 years; laboratory features are probably higher levels of liver-specific enzymes – ALT and AST in children under 1 year; ultrasonographic indicators associated with the presence of pneumonia in young children include increased liver size, gallbladder deformity, the presence of sediment in the gallbladder, dyskinesia of the biliary tract, thickening of the gallbladder wall; children under 1 year of age have a risk of liver enlargement and biliary dyskinesia.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS: AN UPDATE

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (01) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Chia-Yu Chang ◽  
Shanny Hsuan Kuo ◽  
Yun-Wen Peng ◽  
Chia-Hung Lin ◽  
Yuen-Kwan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Veterinary Practice ◽  
Important Disease

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an important disease frequently seen in veterinary practice affecting cats worldwide. The objectives of this review were to provide the updated progress of FIP diagnostics and therapeutics. The diagnosis of FIP is based on age, origin, clinical signs and physical examination of the patient. However, a definitive diagnosis of FIP ante-mortem remains challenging. This review will cover several diagnostic tests with emphasis on PCR-based diagnoses for the disease. Furthermore, there is still no effective treatment for FIP although several approaches have been used to treat cats with FIP. This review will also discuss the effectiveness of antiviral drugs, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive drugs, and immunostimulant drugs for FIP treatments.

scholarly journals Feline Coronavirus infections and feline infectious peritonitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
A. TZIVARA (Α. ΤΖΙΒΑΡΑ) ◽  
S. K. KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Physical Findings ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Cats are susceptible to infection with several different strains of feline Coronavirus. Depending on the involved strain, clinical signs may range from asymptomatic infection to gastrointestinal disease or fibrinous serositis and disseminated vasculitis, commonly known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Excretion of virus by infected cats into the environment occurs by faeces, oronasal secretions and urine. The feline coronaviruses are rapidly inactivated by most disinfectants. Clinical diagnosis of Coronavirus infection is made by evaluating the case history, physical findings, laboratory results, Coronavirus antibody titers and tissue biopsy. A temperature-sensitive feline infectious peritonitis virus vaccine has become available for healthy 16 week of age or older cats.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Value of Detecting Feline Coronavirus RNA and Spike Gene Mutations in Cerebrospinal Fluid to Confirm Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Sandra Felten ◽  
Kaspar Matiasek ◽  
Christian M. Leutenegger ◽  
Laura Sangl ◽  
Stephanie Herre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Background: Cats with neurologic feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) are difficult to diagnose. Aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of detecting feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA and spike (S) gene mutations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods: The study included 30 cats with confirmed FIP (six with neurological signs) and 29 control cats (eleven with neurological signs) with other diseases resulting in similar clinical signs. CSF was tested for FCoV RNA by 7b-RT-qPCR in all cats. In RT-qPCR-positive cases, S-RT-qPCR was additionally performed to identify spike gene mutations. Results: Nine cats with FIP (9/30, 30%), but none of the control cats were positive for FCoV RNA in CSF. Sensitivity of 7b-RT-qPCR in CSF was higher for cats with neurological FIP (83.3%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 41.8–98.9) than for cats with non-neurological FIP (16.7%; 95% CI 6.1–36.5). Spike gene mutations were rarely detected. Conclusions: FCoV RNA was frequently present in CSF of cats with neurological FIP, but only rarely in cats with non-neurological FIP. Screening for spike gene mutations did not enhance specificity in this patient group. Larger populations of cats with neurological FIP should be explored in future studies.

scholarly journals Lipoarabinomannan as a Point-of-Care Assay for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: How Far Are We to Use It?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Flores ◽  
Juan Carlos Cancino ◽  
Leslie Chavez-Galan
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a severe public health problem; the current diagnostic tests have limitations that delay treatment onset. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a glycolipid that is a component of the cell wall of the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of TB. This glycolipid is excreted as a soluble form in urine. The World Health Organization has established that the design of new TB diagnostic methods is one of the priorities within the EndTB Strategy. LAM has been suggested as a biomarker to develop diagnostic tests based on its identification in urine, and it is one of the most prominent candidates to develop point-of-care diagnostic test because urine samples can be easily collected. Moreover, LAM can regulate the immune response in the host and can be found in the serum of TB patients, where it probably affects a wide variety of host cell populations, consequently influencing the quality of both innate and adaptive immune responses during TB infection. Here, we revised the evidence that supports that LAM could be used as a tool for the development of new point-of-care tests for TB diagnosis, and we discussed the mechanisms that could contribute to the low sensitivity of diagnostic testing.

Diagnosis of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus infection in dairy goats by ELISA, PCR and Viral Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Panneum ◽  
T. Rukkwamsuk
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Viral Culture

AbstractFor preventive and control strategies of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) infection in dairy goats, performance of the available diagnostic tests was described as one of the most important and necessary aspects. The study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic test performance, including PCR, ELISA and viral culture, for CAEV infection in dairy goats in Thailand. Blood samples of 29 dairy goats from five low- to medium-prevalence herds and one very low-prevalence herd were collected for PCR and ELISA methods. The performance of these two diagnostic methods was evaluated by comparing with cytopathic effects (CPE) in the co-cultivation of CAEV and primary synovial cells. Results indicated that sensitivity, specificity were, respectively, 69.6%, 100%, for PCR; and 95.7%, 83.3% for ELISA. The PCR assay tended to have lower sensitivity and higher specificity than ELISA. When multiple tests were applied, parallel testing provided sensitivity and specificity of 98.7% and 83.3%, while series testing showed sensitivity and specificity of 66.6% and 100% respectively. These results indicated that combination of ELISA and PCR provided some advantages and possibly offered optimal methods to detect CAEV-infected goats. Kappa value of the agreement between PCR and ELISA test was 0.34, indicating fair agreement. Regarding the possibility of antigenic variation between CAEV strains used in both PCR and ELISA assays, the actual circulating CAEV strain should be reviewed in order to develop and enhance the diagnostic tests using the CAE viral antigens derived from specific local strains of Thailand.

scholarly journals Early detection and persistent positivity of anti-Leishmania antibodies using a recombinant protein-based ELISA in naturally infected dogs in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Silva de Jesus ◽  
João Victor Andrade Cruz ◽  
Lívia Brito Coelho ◽  
Lairton Souza Borja ◽  
Edmilson Domingos da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, for which dogs constitute the main urban parasite reservoir. Control measures and the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) are essential to reduce VL cases. Early and accurate detection of L. infantum-infected dogs is crucial to the success of VL control. To improve the serological detection of L. infantum-exposed dogs, we evaluated the early diagnosis capacity of a recombinant protein (rLci5) in an immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect naturally infected dogs. Additionally, we evaluated the persistence of the positive results obtained by rLci5 ELISA in comparison to other conventional diagnostic test methods. Methods Serum samples obtained from 48 L. infantum-infected dogs involved in a cohort study were evaluated using different diagnostic methods (qPCR, EIE-LVC, DPP-LVC and splenic culture). The results were compared to rLci5 ELISA to determine its capacity to diagnose L. infantum infection at earlier infection time points. The persistence of positive diagnostic test results was also compared for each dog evaluated. Results rLci5 ELISA presented higher rates of positive results at early time points compared to the other diagnostic tests employed in the cohort study, as early as 24 months prior to detection by other tests. rLci5 ELISA positivity was 52.1% (25/48) at baseline, while qPCR was 35.4% (17/48), DPP-LVC 27.1% (13/48), EIE-LVC 22.9% (11/48) and culture only 4.2% (2/48). In at least one of the time points of the 24-month cohort study, rLci5 ELISA was positive in 100% (48/48) of the dogs, versus 83% (40/48) for qPCR, 75% (36/48) for DPP-LVC, 65% (31/48) for EIE-LVC and 31% (15/48) for culture. Investigating clinical signs in association with diagnostic test positivity, rLci5 ELISA successfully detected CVL in 62.9% (95/151) of the clinical evaluations with a score of 0–3, 64.3% (45/70) with scores between 4 and 7, and 73.7% (14/19) with scores > 7, providing higher rates of positivity than all other methods evaluated. Moreover, rLci5 ELISA presented the greatest persistence with respect to test positivity: 45.8% of the dogs evaluated. Conclusion Four diagnostic tests were compared to rLci5 ELISA, which presented earlier infection diagnosis and a greater persistence of positive test results. Accordingly, the use of the rLci5 ELISA can improve CVL diagnostic performance by detecting infected dogs sooner than other testing methods, with enhanced persistence of positive results over the course of the infection. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205511691985610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M André ◽  
Brieuc Cossic ◽  
Emma Davies ◽  
Andrew D Miller ◽  
Gary R Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Protein Cleavage ◽  
Early Presentation ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Case summary This report describes a cat with chronic, progressive, non-painful, non-lateralizing multifocal neurologic clinical signs associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The cat initially presented as underweight, despite a good appetite, and a complete blood count showed non-regenerative anemia. Three months later the cat was returned having developed ataxia and paraparesis, which then progressed over 2 months to tetraparesis, tail plegia, urinary and fecal incontinence, and titubation. Histologic examination of the tissues with subsequent immunohistochemistry confirmed FIP-associated meningoencephalomyelitis following necropsy. Molecular analysis of the coronavirus spike protein within the tissues identified a specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only identified in tissues associated with the central nervous system (ie, brain and spinal cord). Relevance and novel information This case report describes an early presentation of a cat with primarily neurologic FIP, with molecular characterization of the virus within various tissues.

scholarly journals Development of an ante-mortem diagnostic test for enzootic nasal tumor virus and detection of neutralizing antibodies in host serum

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 1843-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Walsh ◽  
Kevin J. Stinson ◽  
Paula I. Menzies ◽  
Sarah K. Wootton
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus ◽  
Tumor Virus

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a contagious neoplasm of the nasal mucosa of sheep and goats and is associated with enzootic nasal tumour virus (ENTV). As ENA is a common disease in North America and there are no vaccines against ENTV-1, diagnostic tests that can identify infected animals and assist with eradication and disease surveillance efforts are greatly needed. In this study, we endeavoured to develop a novel, non-invasive diagnostic tool that could be used not only to validate clinical signs of ENA but also to detect ENTV-1 infection prior to the onset of disease signs (i.e. pre-clinical diagnosis). Cytology, serology and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based diagnostic methods were investigated. Although the cytology-based assay was able to detect ENTV-1 infection in some animals, it had poor sensitivity and specificity and thus was not developed further as an ante-mortem diagnostic method. Three different assays, including ELISA, Western blotting and virus neutralization, were developed to detect the presence of ENTV-1-specific antibodies in sheep serum. Whilst a surprisingly large number of sheep mounted an antibody-mediated immune response against ENTV-1, and in some cases neutralizing, correlation with disease status was poor. In contrast, RT-PCR on RNA extracted from nasal swabs reliably detected exogenous ENTV-1 sequences, did not amplify endogenous ovine betaretroviral sequences, demonstrated high concordance with immunohistochemical staining for ENTV-1 envelope protein, and had perfect sensitivity and specificity. This report describes a practical and highly specific RT-PCR technique for the detection of clinical and pre-clinical ENA that may prove beneficial in future control or eradication programmes.

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