scholarly journals Schmallenberg Disease—A Newly Emerged Culicoides-Borne Viral Disease of Ruminants

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abaineh Endalew ◽  
Bonto Faburay ◽  
William Wilson ◽  
Juergen Richt
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Simbu Serogroup ◽  
Congenital Deformities ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

First appearing in 2011 in Northern Europe, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an Orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup, is associated with clinical disease mainly in ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. The clinical signs are characterized by abortion and congenital deformities in newborns. The virus is transmitted by Culicoides midges of the Obsoletus complex. SBV infection induces a solid protective immunity that persists for at least 4 or 6 years in sheep and cattle, respectively. SBV infection can be diagnosed directly by real-time RT-qPCR and virus isolation or indirectly by serological assays. Three vaccines are commercially available in Europe. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on this emerging disease regarding pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention. This review also highlights that although much has been learned since SBV’s first emergence, there are still areas that require further study to devise better mitigation strategies.

A rapid method for the direct identification of paramyxovirus in canine CSF by ultracentrifugation and negative staining as a rule out for distemper

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
W.L. Steffens ◽  
M.B. Ard ◽  
C.E. Greene ◽  
A. Jaggy
Keyword(s):  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Rule Out

Canine distemper is a multisystemic contagious viral disease having a worldwide distribution, a high mortality rate, and significant central neurologic system (CNS) complications. In its systemic manifestations, it is often presumptively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and history. Few definitive antemortem diagnostic tests exist, and most are limited to the detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence techniques on tissues or cytologic specimens or high immunoglobulin levels in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). Diagnosis of CNS distemper is often unreliable due to the relatively low cell count in CSF (<50 cells/μl) and the binding of blocking immunoglobulins in CSF to cell surfaces. A more reliable and definitive test might be possible utilizing direct morphologic detection of the etiologic agent. Distemper is the canine equivalent of human measles, in that both involve a closely related member of the Paramyxoviridae, both produce mucosal inflammation, and may produce CNS complications. In humans, diagnosis of measles-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is through negative stain identification of whole or incomplete viral particles in patient CSF.

scholarly journals 494. COVID-19 Outbreak: A Tale of Two Psych Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S313-S314
Author(s):  
Marilou Corpuz ◽  
Ruchika Jain ◽  
Gregory Weston ◽  
Priya Nori ◽  
Priya Nori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Structural Aspect ◽  
Practice Change ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Inpatient Psychiatry ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Infection Control And Prevention

Abstract Background COVID infections in inpatient psychiatry units present unique challenges during the pandemic, including behavioral characteristics of the patients, structural aspect of the unit, type of therapy for the patients. We present COVID outbreaks in psychiatry units in two hospitals in our medical center in Bronx, NY, and describe our mitigation strategies. Methods Hosp A: In the early period of the pandemic in NY, 2 patients in the inpatient psychiatry unit tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 PCR. The unit was temporarily closed to new admissions. Hosp B: On 4/1, one of the patients in a 22 bed Psych unit, admitted since 3/10/20, developed fever, cough and tested positive for COVID-19 PCR. Two of her close contacts tested positive for SARS-COV-2 PCR. Results Hospital A: In total, 5 of the 29 patients (17.2%) in the unit were SARS-CoV-2 positive, all of whom were asymptomatic. Hospital B: Testing of the remaining patients showed positive PCR in 10/14. PCR tests of healthcare workers (HCW) were positive in 13/46. Except for the index patient, all the patients were asymptomatic but 32/46 HCW reported symptoms. One negative patient subsequently turned positive. Infection control and prevention strategies instituted in both hospitals were the same with subtle differences due to dissimilar burden of infection and structure of the units. Table 1 shows the timing of the outbreak and the rapid institution of preventive measures in each of the hospitals. There was still difficulty with patients regarding adherence. Some of the patients refused to stay in isolation and would roam. Compliance with masking and hand hygiene was problematic. Communication was of paramount importance. Multiple meetings were held between the Psychiatry staff, Infection Control and Prevention team, executive leadership of the hospital. Environmental Services and Engineering were also involved. Communications with the NY State Department of Health occurred frequently. Conclusion Strategies for management of COVID-19 patients in inpatient psychiatric units depends on the density of infected patients in the hospital and in the community. The implementation of practice change may need to be rapidly adjusted depending on the situation and available resources. Contingency plans should be formulated early on. Disclosures Gregory Weston, MD MSCR, Allergan (Grant/Research Support)

Some skin conditions in pigs: types, control and prevention

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 300-308
Author(s):  
John Carr ◽  
Mark Howells ◽  
William Hersey
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Careful Clinical Examination ◽  
Welfare Problem ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Skin Conditions

Skin conditions in pigs are common problems presented to the veterinary surgeon. A careful clinical examination, especially considering the age of the pig and the distribution of the lesions, all aids making an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. Pain management is essential in clinical management. Sarcoptic mange is a condition that can be eliminated from pigs and should be considered a welfare problem. Ear necrosis and trauma injuries can be particularly problematic and must be treated aggressively. African swine fever (ASF) presents with a range of clinical signs including skin lesions, and all veterinary surgeons must be able to put ASF as a differential where appropriate.

scholarly journals Tumbuhan Obat: Pendekatan Alternatif dalam Pengendalian Nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Virus Dengue Penyebab Demam Dengue

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Ign Joko Suyono ◽  
Aditya K. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Control And Prevention

Dengue is the most important emerging tropical viral disease of humans in the world today. Aedes aegypti is a major mosquito vector responsible for transmitting many viral diseases and this mosquito that spreads major health problems like dengue fever. The resistance of Ae. aegypti to insecticides is already widespread and represents a serious problem for programmes aimed at the control and prevention of dengue in tropical countries. The search for compounds extracted from medicinal plant preparations as alternatives insecticide for mosquito control is in immediate need. Alternative approach for control Ae. aegypti dan virus dengue using the medicinal plant will be discussed in this paper.Key words: Medicinal plant, Aedes aegypti, dengue fever, dengue haemorragi fever, dengue shock syndrome

scholarly journals COVID -19 in Geriatric Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
Pratiksha S. Thakare ◽  
Samruddhi Gujar ◽  
Shakib Sheikh ◽  
Vrushali Dighikar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Prevention Center

The causative factors of Coronavirus disease mainly the viruses. Through news we aware that pneumonia cases seen recently in Wuhan city, China. Due to unknown causes. Coronaviruses that cause illness such as a common cold. The Coronavirus infection identified with respiratory symptoms and pneumonia, the severe form of coronavirus infection mainly associated with death and low immune system patients. It is very important for us to more focus on geriatric people because in our countries, geriatric group people facing health problems at this present situation. According to articles Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology, and Mitigation Strategies, in that said geriatric people and low immune system patient with symptoms related history are more prone to COVID infection. But according to recent information by WHO all people are at risk of coronavirus but mostly geriatric people facing more risk of developing a severe respiratory infection. Geriatric people easily get coronavirus syndrome due to physical changes that occur as increasing age. There were 95% of these deaths seen in geriatric people above 60 years older. Above 50% of all fatal conditions occurred in geriatric people between 60- 80 years ago. There having disease control and prevention center, which indicate that rates of hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions and mortality reported among COVID-19 cases in the United States are substantially higher among patients older than 45 years compared with younger patients, with case-fatality rates exceeding 1.4% among patients aged 55 to 64 years and exceeding 2.7% among those aged 65 to 74 years.

scholarly journals Hemato-Biochemical studies on Egyptian Buffaloes and Calves naturally infected with Foot and Mouth Disease Virus serotype SAT 2

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Essam A Mahmoud ◽  
Ahmed N.F Neamat-allah
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cardiac Markers ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of all cloven footed domestic and wild animals. This work was planned to study the different markers for diagnosis of FMDV serotype Sat2 in adult buffaloes and calves including clinical, hematological and biochemical examinations. A total number of sixty animals were divided into four groups. The first group was apparently healthy adult buffaloes, while the second was naturally infected adult buffaloes, a third group was apparently healthy suckling calves and finally the fourth group was naturally infected suckling calves. The recorded clinical signs were fever, salivation, loss of appetite, depression, lameness, blisters or vesicles, erosions and ulcers in the mucosa of the mouth, tongue, lips, gums, pharynx, palate and between the claws. Anemia, leucopenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia were recorded in infected adult buffaloes and calves. Myocardial injury proved by presence of degenerated myocardial fibers and lymphocyte cell infiltration with a significant increase in cardiac markers like cardiac torponin I, CPK and LDH in addition to a significant hyperkalemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesemia in buffaloe calves. Moreover, electrophoresis showed hyoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglobulinemia in infected animals. It could be concluded that the elevation of cardiac markers emphasized that FMD is more severe in young calves than adult animals. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the prognosis of FMD infection in calves by these markers.

scholarly journals Beak and feather disease virus haemagglutinating activity using erythrocytes from African Grey parrots and Brown-headed parrots : research communication

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kondiah ◽  
J. Albertyn ◽  
R.R. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Haemagglutinating Activity ◽  
Feather Disease Virus ◽  
Positive Results

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds characterized by symmetric feather loss and beak deformities. The causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), is a small, circular single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Circovirus. BFDV can be detected by PCR or the use of haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays that detect antigen and antibodies respectively. Erythrocytes from a limited number of psittacine species of Australian origin can be used in these tests. In South Africa, the high cost of these birds makes them difficult to obtain for experimental purposes. Investigation into the use of erythrocytes from African Grey parrots and Brown-headed parrots yielded positive results showing the haemagglutinating activity of their erythrocytes with purified BFDV obtained from confirmed clinical cases of the disease. The HA activity was further confirmed by the demonstration of HI using BFDV antiserum from three different African Grey parrots previously exposed to the virus and not showing clinical signs of the disease.

scholarly journals A Pseudorabies Virus Mutant with Deletions in the Latency and Early Protein O Genes: Replication, Virulence, and Immunity in Neonatal Piglets

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Wesley ◽  
Andrew K. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Infection Dose ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Early Protein ◽  
Virus Mutant

The pathogenicity of a double mutant of pseudorabies virus (PRV) with deletions in the latency gene and the early protein O gene was examined. In comparison to the parent Indiana-Funkhauser virus, the ability of this mutant to replicate and to cause disease in piglets is greatly reduced. At an infection dose that caused no clinical signs in 5-day-old neonatal piglets, this mutant was capable of eliciting solid protective immunity against a lethal PRV challenge. Thus, the double-gene deletion attenuates PRV but does not affect its immunogenicity. These features may be desirable for inclusion into future PRV vaccines.

scholarly journals Isolation of a Cytopathic Virus from Weak Pigs on Farms with a History of Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
In J. Yoon ◽  
Han S. Joo ◽  
William T. Christianson ◽  
Hyun S. Kim ◽  
James E. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reference Serum

Severe clinical signs of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) of unknown cause were observed in several Minnesota swine farms between November 1990 and March 1991. Forty-five lung samples of weak pigs were collected from 13 swine farms, and virus isolation was attempted using swine alveolar macrophage (SAM) cultures. A cytopathic virus was isolated from 19 lung samples collected from 6 different farms. Four pregnant sows were infected intranasally with a tissue suspension from which virus was isolated, and 4 6-week-old pigs and 2 contact pigs were infected intranasally with 1 of the isolates. The 4 sows farrowed 12 stillborn and 32 normal pigs. Virus was recovered from 10 of 19 pigs examined. Infected 6-week-old pigs were clinically normal except for slightly elevated rectal temperatures and mild respiratory signs. No or mild interstitial pneumonic lesions were observed in inoculated pigs, but the lesion was obvious in the 2 contact pigs. Seroconversion was observed in sows and pigs as measured by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA). Serologic identification of the isolates was carried out by IFA using reference serum prepared from an experimentally infected sow. A cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed on the SAM monolayers infected with each of the 19 different isolates. Fluorescence was also observed when the monolayers were tested with SIRS virus ATCC VR-2332-infected sow sera. Replication of the isolates was not affected in the medium containing 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine but was inhibited by treatment with ether. The isolates were relatively stable at 56 C and did not agglutinate with various erythrocytes tested. These results are similar to those of previous reports, and the isolates, designated as SIRS virus, were the cause of SIRS on the farms investigated.

scholarly journals Swine Erysipelas; It’s Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control and Preventive Measures, Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dessalew Habte ◽  
◽  
Dessalew Tamir ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Swine Erysipelas

Erysipelas is an infectious disease seen mainly in growing pigs and characterized clinically by fever, arthritis, skin lesions and sudden death. The disease may be acute, subacute, or chronic. Swine erysipelas is a disease caused by a specific micro organ Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae whic h is a zoonotic ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that causes erysipelas in swine, mammals, birds and erysipeloid in humans. People in contact with animals, animal products or animal wastes are at greatest risk. The acute form of swine erysipelas may have been confused for other diseases in pigs which are characterized by acute symptoms such as sudden death (for example, African swine fever). It can be diagnosed by its clinical signs, necropsy findings, bacteriology, antimicrobial response, molecular and serological examinations. It is recommended to increase awareness of the disease among animal and human practitioners as treatment is easy and available and vaccination is possible. However, the disease is still unknown to local veterinarians, clinical doctors, meat inspectors, butchers and laboratory personnel. Proper hygiene, regular pork inspection, use of protective wear among people working/ in contact with animals should be promoted. The disease causes high economic loss in pig rearing areas and influences the public health being a severe zoonotic disease. So the objective of this review is to create a better understanding of the disease for proper control and prevention of the disease

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