scholarly journals A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Pilar Blanco-Lobo ◽  
Laura Rodriguez ◽  
Stephanie Reedy ◽  
Fatai S. Oladunni ◽  
Aitor Nogales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Clade 1 ◽  
World Organization

Vaccination remains the most effective approach for preventing and controlling equine influenza virus (EIV) in horses. However, the ongoing evolution of EIV has increased the genetic and antigenic differences between currently available vaccines and circulating strains, resulting in suboptimal vaccine efficacy. As recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the inclusion of representative strains from clade 1 and clade 2 Florida sublineages of EIV in vaccines may maximize the protection against presently circulating viral strains. In this study, we used reverse genetics technologies to generate a bivalent EIV live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We combined our previously described clade 1 EIV LAIV A/equine/Ohio/2003 H3N8 (Ohio/03 LAIV) with a newly generated clade 2 EIV LAIV that contains the six internal genes of Ohio/03 LAIV and the HA and NA of A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 H3N8 (Rich/07 LAIV). The safety profile, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy of this bivalent EIV LAIV was tested in the natural host, horses. Vaccination of horses with the bivalent EIV LAIV, following a prime-boost regimen, was safe and able to confer protection against challenge with clade 1 (A/equine/Kentucky/2014 H3N8) and clade 2 (A/equine/Richmond/2007) wild-type (WT) EIVs, as evidenced by a reduction of clinical signs, fever, and virus excretion. This is the first description of a bivalent LAIV for the prevention of EIV in horses that follows OIE recommendations. In addition, since our bivalent EIV LAIV is based on the use of reverse genetics approaches, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using the backbone of clade 1 Ohio/03 LAIV as a master donor virus (MDV) for the production and rapid update of LAIVs for the control and protection against other EIV strains of epidemiological relevance to horses.

scholarly journals Complete Genomic Sequences of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Strains Used as Vaccine Strains in Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Nemoto ◽  
Takashi Yamanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Bannai ◽  
Koji Tsujimura ◽  
Hiroshi Kokado
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Complete Genomic

ABSTRACT We sequenced the eight segments of influenza A virus strains A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010, which are strains of the Florida sublineage clades 1 and 2 of the H3N8 subtype equine influenza virus. These strains have been used as vaccine strains in Japan since 2016 in accordance with World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations.

scholarly journals Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Saskia van de Zande
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamanaka ◽  
◽  
Takashi Kondo ◽  
Tomio Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Prevention ◽  
Horse Industry ◽  
World Organization ◽  
And Control

Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious selflimiting respiratory disease in horses that is caused by equine influenza virus (EIV) infection. EIV is presented by horses worldwide and has a huge financial impact on the horse industry in many countries. Although an outbreak of EI can be controlled by prior immunization by using vaccination, the efficacy of the vaccine is influenced by antigenic differences between epidemic strains and vaccine strains. Thus, to keep the vaccine effective, the vaccine strains should be reviewed periodically on the basis of global surveillance, such as the epidemiological report issued annually in the bulletin of the World Organization for Animal Health. Once an outbreak occurs, sanitary management, including the restriction of horse movement, should be conducted to eliminate the source of the causative virus and protect susceptible horses. The rapid identification of EIV in respiratory tract secretions enables the prompt administration of sanitary management. Although commercially available rapid antigen detection tests should be improved in terms of sensitivity, one of the tests (ESPLINE Flu A+B) worked as a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of a number of horses for EI during the 2007 outbreak in Japan, in addition to laboratory tests such as virus isolation. A more sensitive test must be developed that can be performed easily without special equipment or technical expertise.

Florida clade 1 equine influenza virus in France

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Paillot ◽  
Pierre-Hugues Pitel ◽  
Stéphane Pronost ◽  
Loïc Legrand ◽  
Stéphanie Fougerolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Clade 1

Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 272 ◽  
pp. 105674
Author(s):  
Manabu Nemoto ◽  
Minoru Ohta ◽  
Takashi Yamanaka ◽  
Yoshinori Kambayashi ◽  
Hiroshi Bannai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Clade 1

scholarly journals Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine

Virology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 516 ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Rodriguez ◽  
Stephanie Reedy ◽  
Aitor Nogales ◽  
Pablo R. Murcia ◽  
Thomas M. Chambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Attenuated Vaccine

scholarly journals Success and Limitation of Equine Influenza Vaccination: The First Incursion in a Decade of a Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus that Shakes Protection Despite High Vaccine Coverage

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fougerolle ◽  
Fortier ◽  
Legrand ◽  
Jourdan ◽  
Marcillaud-Pitel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Clade 1

Every year, several epizooties of equine influenza (EI) are reported worldwide. However, no EI case has been identified in France between 2015 and late 2018, despite an effective field surveillance of the pathogen and the disease. Vaccination against equine influenza virus (EIV) remains to this day one of the most effective methods to prevent or limit EI outbreaks and the lack of detection of the pathogen could be linked to vaccination coverage. The aim of this study was to evaluate EI immunity and vaccine coverage in France through a large-scale serological study. A total of 3004 archived surplus serums from French horses of all ages, breeds and sexes were selected from four different geographical regions and categories (i.e., sanitary check prior to exportation, sale, breeding protocol or illness diagnosis). EIV-specific antibody response was measured by single radial hemolysis (SRH) and an EIV-nucleoprotein (NP) ELISA (used as a DIVA test). Overall immunity coverage against EIV infection (i.e., titers induced by vaccination and/or natural infection above the clinical protection threshold) reached 87.6%. The EIV NP ELISA results showed that 83% of SRH positive serum samples from young horses (≤3 years old) did not have NP antibodies, which indicates that the SRH antibody response was likely induced by EI vaccination alone (the HA recombinant canarypoxvirus-based EI vaccine is mostly used in France) and supports the absence of EIV circulation in French horse populations between 2015 and late 2018, as reported by the French equine infectious diseases surveillance network (RESPE). Results from this study confirm a strong EI immunity in a large cohort of French horses, which provides an explanation to the lack of clinical EI in France in recent years and highlights the success of vaccination against this disease. However, such EI protection has been challenged since late 2018 by the incursion in the EU of a Florida Clade 1 sub-lineage EIV (undetected in France since 2009), which is also reported here.

Isolation and genetic characterization of naturally NS-truncated H3N8 equine influenza virus in South Korea

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. NA ◽  
B. KANG ◽  
H.-I. KIM ◽  
M. HONG ◽  
S.-J. PARK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Clade 1

SUMMARYEquine influenza virus (EIV) causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in equids, with confirmed outbreaks in Europe, America, North Africa, and Asia. Although China, Mongolia, and Japan have reported equine influenza outbreaks, Korea has not. Since 2011, we have conducted a routine surveillance programme to detect EIV at domestic stud farms, and isolated H3N8 EIV from horses showing respiratory disease symptoms. Here, we characterized the genetic and biological properties of this novel Korean H3N8 EIV isolate. This H3N8 EIV isolate belongs to the Florida sublineage clade 1 of the American H3N8 EIV lineage, and surprisingly, possessed a non-structural protein (NS) gene segment, where 23 bases of the NS1-encoding region were naturally truncated. Our preliminary biological data indicated that this truncation did not affect virus replication; its effect on biological and immunological properties of the virus will require further study.

scholarly journals Whole Genome Sequencing of the First H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Identified in Malaysia

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta Gahan ◽  
Marie Garvey ◽  
Rozanah Asmah Abd Samad ◽  
Ann Cullinane
Keyword(s):  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
The Impact

In August 2015, Malaysia experienced an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in racehorses. Clinical signs observed were consistent with equine influenza (EI) infection. The index cases were horses recently imported from New Zealand. Rapid control measures, including temporary cancellation of racing, were implemented to minimize the impact of the outbreak. By November, the disease outbreak was resolved, and movement restrictions were lifted. The aim of this study was to confirm the clinical diagnosis and characterize the causal virus. A pan-reactive influenza type A real-time RT-PCR was used for confirmatory diagnosis. Antigenic characterization by haemagglutinin inhibition using a panel of specific ferret antisera indicated that the causal virus belonged to clade 1 of the H3N8 Florida sub-lineage. The genetic characterization was achieved by the whole genome sequencing of positive nasal swabs from clinically affected animals. Pylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes demonstrated ≥99% homology with several EI strains that had recently circulated in the USA and Japan. The antigenic and genetic characterization did not indicate that the current World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations for EI vaccine composition required modification.

scholarly journals Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy—The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Denny Sonnemans ◽  
Linda Horspool ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Vaccination is an effective tool to limit equine influenza virus (EIV H3N8) infection, a contagious respiratory disease with potentially huge economic impact. The study assessed the effects of antigenic change on vaccine efficacy and the need for strain update. Horses were vaccinated (V1 and V2) with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza, group 2, FC1 and European strains) or a carbomer-adjuvanted, modified vector vaccine (ProteqFlu, group 3, FC1 and FC2 HA genes). Serology (SRH, HI, VN), clinical signs and viral shedding were assessed in comparison to unvaccinated control horses. The hypothesis was that group 2 (no FC2 vaccine strain) would be less well protected than group 3 following experimental infection with a recent FC2 field strain (A/equi-2/Wexford/14) 4.5 months after vaccination. All vaccinated horses had antibody titres to FC1 and FC2. After challenge, serology increased more markedly in group 3 than in group 2. Vaccinated horses had significantly lower total clinical scores and viral shedding. Unexpectedly, viral RNA shedding was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 3. Vaccination induced protective antibody titres to FC1 and FC2 and reduced clinical signs and viral shedding. The two tested vaccines provided equivalent protection against a recent FC2 EIV field strain.

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