scholarly journals Simian Foamy Virus Co-Infections

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Murray ◽  
Maxine L. Linial
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Research Facilities

Foamy viruses (FVs), also known as spumaretroviruses, are complex retroviruses that are seemingly nonpathogenic in natural hosts. In natural hosts, which include felines, bovines, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), a large percentage of adults are infected with FVs. For this reason, the effect of FVs on infections with other viruses (co-infections) cannot be easily studied in natural populations. Most of what is known about interactions between FVs and other viruses is based on studies of NHPs in artificial settings such as research facilities. In these settings, there is some indication that FVs can exacerbate infections with lentiviruses such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Nonhuman primate (NHP) simian FVs (SFVs) have been shown to infect people without any apparent pathogenicity. Humans zoonotically infected with simian foamy virus (SFV) are often co-infected with other viruses. Thus, it is important to know whether SFV co-infections affect human disease.

scholarly journals Historical Perspective of Foamy Virus Epidemiology and Infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Meiering ◽  
Maxine L. Linial
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over 40 Years

SUMMARY Foamy viruses (FV) are complex retroviruses which are widespread in many species. Despite being discovered over 40 years ago, FV are among the least well characterized retroviruses. The replication of these viruses is different in many interesting respects from that of all other retroviruses. Infection of natural hosts by FV leads to a lifelong persistent infection, without any evidence of pathology. A large number of studies have looked at the prevalence of primate foamy viruses in the human population. Many of these studies have suggested that FV infections are prevalent in some human populations and are associated with specific diseases. More recent data, using more rigorous criteria for the presence of viruses, have not confirmed these studies. Thus, while FV are ubiquitous in all nonhuman primates, they are only acquired as rare zoonotic infections in humans. In this communication, we briefly discuss the current status of FV research and review the history of FV epidemiology, as well as the lack of pathogenicity in natural, experimental, and zoonotic infections.

scholarly journals A Seminomadic Population in Bangladesh with Extensive Exposure to Macaques Does Not Exhibit High Levels of Zoonotic Simian Foamy Virus Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (14) ◽  
pp. 7414-7416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Craig ◽  
M. Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Dana L. Jackson ◽  
Gregory A. Engel ◽  
Khanh Soliven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Foamy Viruses

Simian foamy viruses (SVF) are ubiquitous in nonhuman primates (NHP). SFV can be zoonotically transmitted to humans who either work with or live commensally with NHP. We analyzed the blood of 45 Bangladeshi performing monkey owners (an ethnic group called the Bedey) for SFV infection. Surprisingly, a PCR assay failed to detect SFV infection in any of these participants. This is in contrast to our previously reported infection rate of about 5% among Bangladeshi villagers.

scholarly journals Dual Simian Foamy Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infections in Persons from Côte d’Ivoire

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e0157709 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Switzer ◽  
Shaohua Tang ◽  
HaoQiang Zheng ◽  
Anupama Shankar ◽  
Patrick S. Sprinkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Frequent Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Nonhuman Primates

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2780-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Switzer ◽  
Vinod Bhullar ◽  
Vedapuri Shanmugam ◽  
Mian-er Cong ◽  
Bharat Parekh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Occupationally Exposed

ABSTRACT The recognition that AIDS originated as a zoonosis heightens public health concerns associated with human infection by simian retroviruses endemic in nonhuman primates (NHPs). These retroviruses include simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian type D retrovirus (SRV), and simian foamy virus (SFV). Although occasional infection with SIV, SRV, or SFV in persons occupationally exposed to NHPs has been reported, the characteristics and significance of these zoonotic infections are not fully defined. Surveillance for simian retroviruses at three research centers and two zoos identified no SIV, SRV, or STLV infection in 187 participants. However, 10 of 187 persons (5.3%) tested positive for SFV antibodies by Western blot (WB) analysis. Eight of the 10 were males, and 3 of the 10 worked at zoos. SFV integrase gene (int) and gag sequences were PCR amplified from the peripheral blood lymphocytes available from 9 of the 10 persons. Phylogenetic analysis showed SFV infection originating from chimpanzees (n = 8) and baboons (n = 1). SFV seropositivity for periods of 8 to 26 years (median, 22 years) was documented for six workers for whom archived serum samples were available, demonstrating long-standing SFV infection. All 10 persons reported general good health, and secondary transmission of SFV was not observed in three wives available for WB and PCR testing. Additional phylogenetic analysis of int and gag sequences provided the first direct evidence identifying the source chimpanzees of the SFV infection in two workers. This study documents more frequent infection with SFV than with other simian retroviruses in persons working with NHPs and provides important information on the natural history and species origin of these infections. Our data highlight the importance of studies to better define the public health implications of zoonotic SFV infections.

scholarly journals Immunodeficiency lentiviral infections in natural and non-natural hosts

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Brenchley ◽  
Mirko Paiardini
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Siv Infection ◽  
Lentiviral Infections

Abstract The host immune system is profoundly affected during the acute phase of progressive immunodeficiency lentiviral infections. Studies of these alterations have been quite restricted in humans because of the limited availability of samples from acutely HIV-infected persons. Therefore, numerous studies have turned attention to nonhuman primate models. Specifically, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) have been informative for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection in humans. Indeed, advantages of the nonhuman primate model include the ability to study the very early events after infection and the ability to retrieve copious amounts of tissues. In addition, nonhuman primates allow for comparative studies between non-natural and natural hosts for SIV, in which SIV infection results in progression, or not, to AIDS, respectively. Although SIV infection of RM is the best model for HIV infection, the immunologic and/or virologic phenomena in SIV-infected RM do not always reflect those seen in HIV-infected humans. Here virologic and immunologic aspects of acute HIV infection of humans and SIV infection of Asian and African nonhuman primates are discussed and compared in relation to how these aspects relate to disease progression.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of an Equine Foamy Virus

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 4064-4073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Tobaly-Tapiero ◽  
Patricia Bittoun ◽  
Manuel Neves ◽  
Marie-Claude Guillemin ◽  
Charles-Henri Lecellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Syncytium Formation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
General Organization

ABSTRACT Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses which have been isolated from different animal species including nonhuman primates, cattle, and cats. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new FV isolated from blood samples of horses. Similar to other FVs, the equine foamy virus (EFV) exhibits a highly characteristic ultrastructure and induces syncytium formation and subsequent cell lysis on a large number of cell lines. Molecular cloning of EFV reveals that the general organization is that of other known FVs, whereas sequence similarity with its bovine FV counterpart is only 40%. Interestingly, EFV buds exclusively from the plasma membrane and not from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as previously shown for other FVs. The absence of the ER retrieval dilysine motif in EFV Env is likely responsible for this unexpected sorting pathway.

scholarly journals Feline foamy virus Tas protein is a DNA-binding transactivator

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 2931-2935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Omoto ◽  
Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe ◽  
Harumi Okuyama ◽  
Yoichi R. Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
Sequence Position ◽  
Activate Gene ◽  
Human Primate

Foamy viruses (FVs) harbour a transcriptional transactivator (Tas) and two Tas-responsive promoter regions, one in the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) and the other an internal promoter (IP) in the envelope gene. To analyse the mechanism of transactivation of the FVs, the specificity of feline FV (FFV) Tas protein, which is more distantly related to the respective proteins of non-human primate origin, were investigated. FFV Tas has been shown specifically to activate gene expression from the cognate promoters. No cross-transactivation was noted of the prototype foamy virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR. The putative transactivation response element of FFV Tas was mapped to the 5′ LTR U3 region (approximately nt −228 to −195). FFV Tas binds to this element in addition to a previously described sequence (position −66 to −51). It is therefore concluded that FFV Tas is a DNA-binding transactivator that interacts with at least two regions in the virus LTR.

Nonhuman primate retroviruses from Cambodia: High simian foamy virus prevalence, identification of divergent STLV-1 strains and no evidence of SIV infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahidjo Ayouba ◽  
Linda Duval ◽  
Florian Liégeois ◽  
Sopheak Ngin ◽  
Steve Ahuka-Mundeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Virus Prevalence ◽  
Siv Infection

scholarly journals Structural and Evolutionary Analysis of an Orangutan Foamy Virus

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (15) ◽  
pp. 8584-8587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst J. Verschoor ◽  
Susan Langenhuijzen ◽  
Saskia van den Engel ◽  
Henk Niphuis ◽  
Kristin S. Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Proviral Genome ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Bornean Orangutan ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
Virus Genomes

ABSTRACT The full-length proviral genome of a foamy virus infecting a Bornean orangutan was amplified, and its sequence was analyzed. Although the genome showed a clear resemblance to other published foamy virus genomes from apes and monkeys, phylogenetic analysis revealed that simian foamy virus SFVora was evolutionarily equidistant from foamy viruses from other hominoids and from those from Old World monkeys. This finding suggests an independent evolution within its host over a long period of time.

scholarly journals Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission dynamics in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with high nonhuman primate exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0008923
Author(s):  
Megan Halbrook ◽  
Adva Gadoth ◽  
Anupama Shankar ◽  
HaoQiang Zheng ◽  
Ellsworth M. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
History Of

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a history of nonhuman primate (NHP) consumption and exposure to simian retroviruses yet little is known about the extent of zoonotic simian retroviral infections in DRC. We examined the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), a retrovirus group of simian origin, in a large population of persons with frequent NHP exposures and a history of simian foamy virus infection. We screened plasma from 3,051 persons living in rural villages in central DRC using HTLV EIA and western blot (WB). PCR amplification of HTLV tax and LTR sequences from buffy coat DNA was used to confirm infection and to measure proviral loads (pVLs). We used phylogenetic analyses of LTR sequences to infer evolutionary histories and potential transmission clusters. Questionnaire data was analyzed in conjunction with serological and molecular data. A relatively high proportion of the study population (5.4%, n = 165) were WB seropositive: 128 HTLV-1-like, 3 HTLV-2-like, and 34 HTLV-positive but untypeable profiles. 85 persons had HTLV indeterminate WB profiles. HTLV seroreactivity was higher in females, wives, heads of households, and increased with age. HTLV-1 LTR sequences from 109 persons clustered strongly with HTLV-1 and STLV-1 subtype B from humans and simians from DRC, with most sequences more closely related to STLV-1 from Allenopithecus nigroviridis (Allen’s swamp monkey). While 18 potential transmission clusters were identified, most were in different households, villages, and health zones. Three HTLV-1-infected persons were co-infected with simian foamy virus. The mean and median percentage of HTLV-1 pVLs were 5.72% and 1.53%, respectively, but were not associated with age, NHP exposure, village, or gender. We document high HTLV prevalence in DRC likely originating from STLV-1. We demonstrate regional spread of HTLV-1 in DRC with pVLs reported to be associated with HTLV disease, supporting local and national public health measures to prevent spread and morbidity.

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