scholarly journals Inhibition of Influenza A Virus by Human Infant Saliva

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Gilbertson ◽  
Kathryn Edenborough ◽  
Jodie McVernon ◽  
Lorena E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Year Of Life

Innate antiviral factors in saliva play a role in protection against respiratory infections. We tested the anti-influenza virus activities of saliva samples taken from human infants, 1–12 months old, with no history of prior exposure to influenza. In contrast to the inhibitory activity we observed in mouse and ferret saliva, the activity of human infant saliva was complex, with both sialic acid-dependent and independent components, the proportion of which differed between individuals. Taken as a whole, we showed that the major anti-influenza activity of infant saliva is acquired over the first year of life and is associated with sialic acid-containing molecules. The activity of sialic acid-independent inhibitors was lower overall, more variable between individuals, and less dependent on age. The results show that the saliva of very young infants can provide a degree of protection against influenza, which may be critical in the absence of adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Effect of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Pandemic on Viral Respiratory Infections in the First Year of Life

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Ede ◽  
Michael J. Loeffelholz ◽  
Pedro Alvarez-Fernandez ◽  
Dan L. Pong ◽  
Janak A. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
First Year ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Viral Respiratory

scholarly journals Dysregulated Inflammation During Obesity: Driving Disease Severity in Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katina D. Hulme ◽  
Ellesandra C. Noye ◽  
Kirsty R. Short ◽  
Larisa I. Labzin
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Host Defense Response ◽  
History Of ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Patient’S History

Acute inflammation is a critical host defense response during viral infection. When dysregulated, inflammation drives immunopathology and tissue damage. Excessive, damaging inflammation is a hallmark of both pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) infections and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is also a feature of obesity. In recent years, obesity has been recognized as a growing pandemic with significant mortality and associated costs. Obesity is also an independent risk factor for increased disease severity and death during both IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review focuses on the effect of obesity on the inflammatory response in the context of viral respiratory infections and how this leads to increased viral pathology. Here, we will review the fundamentals of inflammation, how it is initiated in IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its link to disease severity. We will examine how obesity drives chronic inflammation and trained immunity and how these impact the immune response to IAV and SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we review both medical and non-medical interventions for obesity, how they impact on the inflammatory response and how they could be used to prevent disease severity in obese patients. As projections of global obesity numbers show no sign of slowing down, future pandemic preparedness will require us to consider the metabolic health of the population. Furthermore, if weight-loss alone is insufficient to reduce the risk of increased respiratory virus-related mortality, closer attention must be paid to a patient’s history of health, and new therapeutic options identified.

scholarly journals Epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in Europe, during the 2006-2007 winter

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
J MS Arkema ◽  
A Meijer ◽  
T J Meerhoff ◽  
J Van Der Velden ◽  
W J Paget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
Virus Strains

Influenza surveillance in Europe is based on influenza surveillance networks that cooperate and share information through the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS). EISS collected clinical and virological data on influenza in 33 countries during the 2006-2007 winter. Influenza activity started around 1 January and first occurred in Greece, Scotland and Spain. It then moved gradually across Europe from south to north and lasted until the end of March. In 29 out of 33 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like-illness or acute respiratory infections in the winter of 2006-2007 were similar or somewhat higher than in the 2005-2006 winter. The highest consultation rates for influenza-like-illness were generally observed among children aged 0-4 years and 5-14 years. The predominant virus strain was influenza A (97% of total detections) of the H3 subtype (93% of H-subtyped A viruses; 7% were A(H1)). The influenza A(H3) and A(H1) viruses were similar to the vaccine reference strains for the 2006-2007 season, A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) and A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) respectively. The majority of the influenza B viruses were similar to the reference strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004, included in the 2006-2007 vaccine. In conclusion, the 2006-2007 influenza season in Europe was characterised by moderate clinical activity, a south to north spread pattern across Europe, and a dominance of influenza A(H3). Overall there was a good match between the vaccine virus strains and the reported virus strains.

scholarly journals Early vocal production and functional flexibility in wild infant chimpanzees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Dezecache ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler ◽  
Marina Davila-Ross ◽  
Christoph D. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Functional Flexibility ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Supervised Learning Algorithms ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Infant Chimpanzees

ABSTRACTHow did human language evolve from earlier forms of communication? One way to address this question is to compare prelinguistic human vocal behavior with nonhuman primate calls. Here, an important finding has been that, prior to speech, human infant vocal behavior exhibits functional flexibility, the capacity of producing protophones that are not tied to one specific function. Nonhuman primate vocal behavior, by contrast, is comparably inflexible, with different call types tied to specific functions. Our research challenges the generality of this claim, with new findings of flexible vocal behavior in infant chimpanzees. We used artificial intelligence consisting of automated feature extraction and supervised learning algorithms to analyze grunt and whimper vocalizations from free-ranging infants during their first year of life. We found that grunt production was highly flexible occurring in positive, neutral and negative circumstances, as already shown in human infants. We also found acoustic variants of grunts produced in different affective contexts, suggesting gradation within this vocal category. By contrast, the second most common call type of infant chimpanzees, the whimpers, was produced in only one affective context in line with standard models of nonhuman primate vocal behavior. We concluded that the most common chimpanzee vocalization, the grunt, qualifies as functionally flexible, suggesting that evolution of vocal functional flexibility occurred before the split between the Homo and Pan lineages.

Effect of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Pandemic on Viral Respiratory Infections in the First Year of Life

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-96
Author(s):  
Catiane Tiecher Cusinato ◽  
Caroline Beck ◽  
Nêmora Tregnago Barcellos ◽  
Fernando Herz Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
First Year ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Viral Respiratory

scholarly journals LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT LESION CAUSED BY INFLUENZA A IN AN OXYGENDEPENDENT CHILD WITH BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (25(52)) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
Zoya Viktorovna Zyukina ◽  
Irina Vladimirovna Krsheminskaya ◽  
Shamil Abdulgamidovich Gitinov
Keyword(s):  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
First Year ◽  
Home Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Flu Virus ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
First Year Of Life

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) is the most common chronic lung disease in children under 3 years of age. The frequency of BPD in children with very low birth weight is 18-76%. Infants with BPD are more likely to be rehospitalized during the first year of life, especially in connection with respiratory infections, which occupy the 1st place in the structure of morbidity in children under 14 years of age. The main reason for repeated hospitalizations of children with BPD is respiratory infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus and the flu virus. 63% of children with BPD are re-admitted due to respiratory diseases, one of the risk factors for re-hospitalizations is home oxygen therapy (the frequency of hospitalization due to respiratory infections in this group of children is 58%, in children who do not require home oxygen therapy – 18%)

Neuraminidase from Influenza A and B Viruses is Susceptible to the Compound 4-(4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl)-2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1- Oxyl

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Q. Sacramento ◽  
Alessandro Kappel Jordão ◽  
Juliana L. Abrantes ◽  
Cristiane M. Alves ◽  
Andressa Marttorelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Main Class ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity

Background: Since the influenza virus is the main cause of acute seasonal respiratory infections and pandemic outbreaks, antiviral drugs are critical to mitigate infections and impair chain of transmission. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the main class of anti-influenza drugs in clinical use. Nevertheless, resistance to oseltamivir (OST), the most used NAI, has been detected in circulating strains of the influenza virus. Therefore, novel compounds with anti-influenza activity are necessary. Objective: To verify whether the NA from influenza A and B virus is susceptible to the compound 4-(4- phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (Tritempo). Methods: Cell-free neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with Tritempo, using wild-type (WT) and OST-resistant influenza strains. Cell-based assays in MDCKs were performed to confirm Tritempo`s antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. Multiple passages of the influenza virus in increasing concentrations of our compound, followed by the sequencing of NA gene and molecular docking, were used to identify our Tritempo’s target. Results/Discussion: Indeed, Tritempo inhibited the neuraminidase activity of WT and OSTresistant strains of influenza A and B, at the nanomolar range. Tritempo bound to WT and OST-resistant influenza NA isoforms at the sialic acid binding site with low free binding energies. Cell-free assays were confirmed using a prototypic influenza A infection assay in MDCK cells, in which we found an EC50 of 0.38 µM, along with very low cytotoxicity, CC50 > 2,000 µM. When we passaged the influenza A virus in the presence of Tritempo, a mutant virus with the G248P change in the NA was detected. This mutant was resistant to Tritempo but remained sensitive to OST, indicating no cross-resistance between the studied and reference drugs. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Tritempo’s chemical structure is a promising one for the development of novel antivirals against influenza.

PERAN IBU DALAM PENINGKATAN SISTEM IMUN ANAK DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Cindy Ayustin Noya ◽  
Angkit Kinasih ◽  
Venti Agustina ◽  
R.Rr Maria Dyah Kurniasari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut atau yang sering disebut ISPA merupakan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan baik saluran pernafasan atas atau bawah.ISPA juga kebanyakan terjadi pada anak balita karena daya tahan tubuh mereka tidak kuat dalam menghadapi penyakit ISPA. ISPA mengakibatkan kematiansekitar15%-20% per tahun pada usia balita di Negara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa peran ibu dalam meningkatkan sistem imun anak dengan ISPA.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan sampel purposive sampling.Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak dengan riwayat dan saat ini menderita penyakit ISPA di Batu Gajah Kota Ambon.Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian mendapati 4 kategori yaitu pemberian nutrisi pada anak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan agar sistem imunnya terjaga, kebersihan lingkungan, peran ibu dalam melakukan pencegahan pada anaknya yang mengalami ISPA, dan  peran ibu dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan kesehatan anaknya.   Kata kunci: peran ibu, sistem imun, ispa THE ROLE OF MOTHERS IN INCREASING IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION    ABSTRACT Acute respiratory infections or often called ARI is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. ARI occurs mostly in children under the age of five because their endurance is not strong in dealing with ARI. ARI results in deaths of around 15%-20% per year at the age of under-five in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of mothers in improving the immune system of children against ARI. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive with a purposive sampling sample. Respondents and samples of this study were five mothers who had children with a history of ARI and currently suffering from the disease in Batu Gajah, Ambon City. The results of the study found 4 categories, namely providing nutrition to children to meet their needs so that their immune systems are maintained, clean environment, mother's role in preventing children with ARI, and mother's role to preserve and maintain the health of their children. The findings indicated that in terms of coping or improving the immune system of a child to avoid ARI, it is necessary to have role the of mothers in providing nutrition so that the immune system is boosted, besides that the mother can prevent and protect her child from various diseases, especially ARI. Keywords: role of mothers, immune system, acute respiratory infections

Demographic Factors Associated with Congenital Malformations Among Young Infants in Fallujah Maternity and Children Hospital, Fallujah City, Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Samira T.Abdulghani ◽  
Samira T.Abdulghani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
History Of

Background: Congenital anomalies are a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality in developing countries including our country. Registries and data on these anomalies are still primitive and poorly collated. In this study we aimed to assess the important demographic factors associated with the development of congenital anomalies. Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study involving 880 infants in the 1st year of life registered in the birth defect unit in Fallujah Maternity and Children Hospital in the period between 1st of January 2017 to the 31st of December 2019. The prevalence rate, the pattern of anomalies and the factors associated with their occurrence were determined. Results: The prevalence rate of the group enrolled in this study was 31/1000 total births, congenital heart defects was the commonest followed by central nervous system anomalies, 58% of the infants were males, 65% had ≥ 2.5 kg birth weight & 95% were singletons. Family history of congenital anomalies was found in 31.25% of cases. The largest group of mothers (55.7%) were 21-30 years old & 92.5% of fathers were less than 45 years old. Parental consanguinity reported in 64.3% of the total cases. Only 4.5% of mothers reported history of fever during pregnancy, and none of them had history of exposure to x-ray or teratogenic drug use. Gestational hypertension was reported in 10% of the total (880) mothers, hypertension and diabetes mellitus in 0.3%, while hepatitis C, hepatitis B, toxoplasmosis and epilepsy, each was reported in only one mother (0.1% of the total). Regarding the outcome of pregnancy, 66.6% were live births, 24.2% were abortions and 9.2% were stillbirths. History of previous abortions was reported in 22% of cases. Urban residents accounted for 63% of the families of congenitally abnormal infants while 37% were rural. Conclusion: Congenital anomalies are still a major cause for concern and tension in Fallujah society, there is serious need to establish a surveillance and good statistical system for congenital anomalies and efforts should be made to raise awareness of their occurrence and the associated risk factors in Iraq and other developing countries.

Distribution ofStreptococcus mitisbiovar 1 phenotypes on shedding and non-shedding oral surfaces of human infants during the first year of life

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Kirchherr ◽  
George H. Bowden ◽  
Dorothy A. Richmond ◽  
Michael J. Sheridan ◽  
Katherine A. Wirth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life
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