scholarly journals High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of Small RNAs Derived from Coleus Blumei Viroids

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 619
Author(s):  
Dong-Mei Jiang ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Shi-Fang Li ◽  
Zhi-Xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Primary Sequence ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Coleus Blumei ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insight Into

Characterization of viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) is important to understand viroid–host interactions; however, vd-sRNAs belonging to the genus Coleviroid are yet to be identified and characterized. Herein, we used coleus plants singly infected with coleus blumei viroid (CbVd)-1, -5, or -6 and doubly infected with CbVd-1 and -5 to identify and analyze their vd-sRNAs. We found sense and antisense vd-sRNAs for CbVd-1, -5 and -6, and 22-nt vd-sRNAs were the most abundant; moreover, the 5′-terminal nucleotides (nts) of CbVd-1, -5, and -6 were biased toward U and C, and sRNAs derived from these three viroids were unevenly distributed along their genomes. We also noted that CbVd-5 and -6 share a fragment that forms the right half of the rod-like secondary structure of these viroids, which implied that they generated almost the same type of vd-sRNAs. This finding indicated that vd-sRNA biogenesis is mainly determined by the primary sequence of their substrates. More importantly, we found two complementary vd-sRNAs (22 nt) that were generated from the central conserved region (CCR) of these three viroids, suggesting an important role of CCR in vd-sRNA biogenesis. In conclusion, our results provide novel insight into the biogenesis of vd-sRNAs and the biological roles of CCR.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs: Biological Regulators in Pathogen–Host Interactions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Maia Acuña ◽  
Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter ◽  
Sandra Marcia Muxel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biological Aspects

An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of noncoding small RNAs, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory molecules with the significant capability of fine-tuning biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune responses is highlighted by studies in which the regulation of miRNAs in the host was shown to be related to infectious diseases and associated with the eradication or susceptibility of the infection. Here, we review the biological aspects of microRNAs, focusing on their roles as regulators of gene expression during pathogen–host interactions and their implications in the immune response against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and Plasmodium infectious diseases.

Part I General Aspects, 2 The IPO Process, IPO Disclosure, and the Prospectus Regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teerink Han
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Business Information ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Public Offering ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter offers insight into a typical initial public offering (IPO) process, highlighting key practical and legal considerations around disclosure, through the IPO prospectus and otherwise. The prospectus plays a key role in the preparations for, and execution of, an IPO. As an IPO prospectus typically constitutes a company's first public dissemination of financial and business information, the company and other parties involved in the IPO process must carefully consider the right balance between, on the one hand, drafting the IPO prospectus as a marketing document introducing the company and its business to potential investors, whilst, on the other hand, being able to use the prospectus as a disclosure document that protects the company against liability arising from claims from investors or others after the IPO. Here, the chapter summarizes the different phases in an IPO process and the most important documents and parties involved, focusing on the central role of the IPO prospectus. In addition, a number of changes resulting from the enactment of the Prospectus Regulation are likely to be of particular relevance to IPO processes. The expected impact of these changes is therefore also discussed.

scholarly journals On the financial sustainability of earnings-related pension schemes with ‘pay-as-you-go’ financing and the role of government-indexed bonds

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. ROBALINO ◽  
ANDRÁS BODOR
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

AbstractIn this paper we reconsider the idea of an earnings-related pension system with reserves invested in indexed government bonds as a mechanism to both ensure financial sustainability and improve security. The paper starts by reviewing the characterization of the sustainable rate of return of an earnings-related pension system with pay-as-you-go financing. We show that current proxies for the sustainable rate, including the Swedish ‘gyroscope’, are not stable and propose an alternative measure that depends on the growth of the buffer-stock and the pay-as-you-go asset. Using a simple one-sector macroeconomic model that embeds a notional account pension system we then show how GDP-indexed government bonds, if combined with the right measure for the sustainable rate of return on contributions, could be used to generate a sustainable and secure earnings-related pension system, without becoming a fiscal burden. The proposal is particularly attractive for countries considering reforms to earnings-related systems that have accumulated a large implicit pension debt. In this case, the government bonds allow the financing of this debt in a transparent way. The proposed mechanism can also facilitate the transition to a fully funded pension system when the government bonds are allowed to be traded.

Health diplomacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Annamarie Bindenagel Šehovic´
Keyword(s):  
Right To Health ◽  
Health It ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Health Diplomacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
The Right ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Insight Into

This article explores the role of health diplomacy in promoting the right to health. It first looks at the historical trajectory of the right to health as it evolves and intersects with state and human and health security. Second, it analyzes the definitions and roles of health diplomacy. It argues that health diplomacy is undergoing a cycle of (re)invention and innovation, bringing in both new and traditional actors. Yet it points out a gap in the subject of health diplomacy, asking what is the right to health, and what does its definition mean for the (changing) role of health diplomacy? It concludes by offering initial insight into what health diplomacy might be in the nearer future.

Histolocalization and physico-chemical characterization of dihydrochalcones: Insight into the role of apple major flavonoids

2013 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Gaucher ◽  
Thomas Dugé de Bernonville ◽  
David Lohou ◽  
Sylvain Guyot ◽  
Thomas Guillemette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Characterization of small RNAs from Ulva prolifera by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (27) ◽  
pp. 2916-2921 ◽  
Author(s):  
AiYou Huang ◽  
GuangCe Wang ◽  
LinWen He ◽  
JianFeng Niu ◽  
BaoYu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Ulva Prolifera
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