scholarly journals Effect of Benzothiadiazole on the Metabolome of Tomato Plants Infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Pilar López-Gresa ◽  
Celia Payá ◽  
Ismael Rodrigo ◽  
José María Bellés ◽  
Susana Barceló ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Multivariate Data Analysis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Viroid Infection ◽  
Infected Tomato

Benzothiadiazole (BTH) is a functional analogue of the phytohormone salycilic acid (SA) involved in the plant immune response. NahG tomato plants are unable to accumulate SA, which makes them hypersusceptible to several pathogens. Treatments with BTH increase the resistance to bacterial, fungal, viroid, or viral infections. In this study, metabolic alterations in BTH-treated Money Maker and NahG tomato plants infected by citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using multivariate data analysis, we have identified defence metabolites induced after viroid infection and BTH-treatment. Glycosylated phenolic compounds include gentisic and ferulic acid accumulated in CEVd-infected tomato plants, as well as phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartate, glutamate, and asparagine. Besides, an increase of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, adenosine, and trigonelline, contributed to a clear discrimination between the metabolome of BTH-treated tomato leaves and their corresponding controls. Among them, GABA was the only metabolite significantly accumulated in both genotypes after the chemical treatment. In view of these results, the addition of GABA was performed on tomato plants infected by CEVd, and a reversion of the NahG hypersusceptibility to CEVd was observed, indicating that GABA could regulate the resistance to CEVd induced by BTH.

scholarly journals Ethylene is Involved in Symptom Development and Ribosomal Stress of Tomato Plants upon Citrus Exocortis Viroid Infection

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
Francisco Vázquez Prol ◽  
M. Pilar López-Gresa ◽  
Ismael Rodrigo ◽  
José María Bellés ◽  
Purificación Lisón
Keyword(s):  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Viroid Infection ◽  
Ribosomal Stress

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) is known to cause different symptoms in citrus trees, and its mechanism of infection has been studied in tomato as an experimental host, producing ribosomal stress on these plants. Some of the symptoms caused by CEVd in tomato plants resemble those produced by the phytohormone ethylene. The present study is focused on elucidating the relationship between CEVd infection and ethylene on disease development. To this purpose, the ethylene insensitive Never ripe (Nr) tomato mutants were infected with CEVd, and several aspects such as susceptibility to infection, defensive response, ethylene biosynthesis and ribosomal stress were studied. Phenotypic characterization revealed higher susceptibility to CEVd in these mutants, which correlated with higher expression levels of both defense and ethylene biosynthesis genes, as well as the ribosomal stress marker SlNAC082. In addition, Northern blotting revealed compromised ribosome biogenesis in all CEVd infected plants, particularly in Nr mutants. Our results indicate a higher ethylene biosynthesis in Nr mutants and suggest an important role of this phytohormone in disease development and ribosomal stress caused by viroid infection.

scholarly journals Characterization of small RNAs derived from Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) in infected tomato plants

Virology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 367 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Martín ◽  
Catalina Arenas ◽  
José-Antonio Daròs ◽  
Alejandra Covarrubias ◽  
José Luis Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Infected Tomato

scholarly journals Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (16) ◽  
pp. 8649-8661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Cottilli ◽  
Borja Belda-Palazón ◽  
Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama ◽  
Jean-Pierre Perreault ◽  
Enrico Schleiff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Translation Machinery ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
40S Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Stress Mediator ◽  
Ribosomal Stress

Abstract Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to co-sediment with tomato ribosomes in vivo, and to provoke changes in the global polysome profiles, particularly in the 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. Additionally, the viroid caused alterations in ribosome biogenesis in the infected tomato plants, affecting the 18S rRNA maturation process. A higher expression level of the ribosomal stress mediator NAC082 was also detected in the CEVd-infected tomato leaves. Both the alterations in the rRNA processing and the induction of NAC082 correlate with the degree of viroid symptomatology. Taken together, these results suggest that CEVd is responsible for defective ribosome biogenesis in tomato, thereby interfering with the translation machinery and, therefore, causing ribosomal stress.

scholarly journals Metabolic Alterations of the Zebrafish Brain after Acute Alcohol Treatment by1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Cheol Woo ◽  
Goo-Young Kim ◽  
Hyun-Ju Kim ◽  
Eunjung Bang ◽  
Hyang-Shuk Rhim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Alcohol Treatment ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Zebrafish Brain ◽  
Treatment Dose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the metabolic alterations associated with acute alcohol treatment in zebrafish by1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS). The brain metabolism of zebrafish was investigated after acute alcohol treatment (one-hour long exposure of adult fish to 0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.00% ethyl alcohol) with whole brain extraction. The results of this study showed that glutamate (Glu) was significantly decreased, scyllo-inositol (sIns) showed a small apparent increase only in the highest acute treatment dose group, and myoinositol (mIns) showed a significant decrease. [Glu]/[tCr] and [mIns]/[tCr] levels were significantly reduced regardless of the alcohol dose, and [sIns]/[tCr] was increased in the highest alcohol treatment dose group. The present NMR study revealed that specific metabolites, such as Glu and mIns, were substantially decreased in case of acute alcohol exposed zebrafish brain.

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