scholarly journals Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Bovine Ephemeral Fever ◽  
The Family ◽  
Virus Research ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Family Rhabdoviridae

Bovine ephemeral fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting mainly domestic cattle and water buffalo. The etiological agent of this disease is bovine ephemeral fever virus, a member of the genus Ephemerovirus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Bovine ephemeral fever causes economic losses by a sudden drop in milk production in dairy cattle and loss of condition in beef cattle. Although mortality resulting from this disease is usually lower than 1%, it can reach 20% or even higher. Bovine ephemeral fever is distributed across many countries in Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. Prevention and control of the disease mainly relies on regular vaccination. The impact of bovine ephemeral fever on the cattle industry may be underestimated, and the introduction of bovine ephemeral fever into European countries is possible, similar to the spread of bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus. Research on bovine ephemeral fever remains limited and priority of investigation should be given to defining the biological vectors of this disease and identifying virulence determinants.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Overview of the Monogamous Marriage in a Multiregion Framework: Modelling and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mustapha Lhous ◽  
Omar Zakary ◽  
Mostafa Rachik
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this paper is to develop a new mathematical model to study, analyze, and control the family status in several regions and to discuss the impact of the connectivity of regions and the mobility of residents on the marital status of the family, by adopting a multiregion discrete-time model. The modelling and the control process of the system that describes the case of monogamous marriages in a multiregion framework are considered. Two combined control strategies are proposed, which allow reducing the virgin and divorced individuals and increasing the number of married individuals in a specific region. The first control is considered as the impact of public awareness campaigns to educate virgin men and women about the benefits of marriage for the individual and the society; the second control characterizes the legal procedures, administrative complications, and the heavy financial and social consequences of divorces. The optimal control theory is applied to characterize such optimal strategies and determined numerically using a progressive-regressive discrete scheme to discuss the obtained results.

Voluntary Demand for Internal and External Auditing by Family Businesses

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Carey ◽  
Roger Simnett ◽  
George Tanewski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Audit ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
External Audit ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates voluntary demand for auditing by family businesses, a significant but relatively unexplored segment of the economy. The paper considers demand for both internal and external auditing by using survey data to investigate the impact of firm characteristics linked to the cost vs. benefit of engaging an auditor. Variables examined are firm size, debt, and two agency proxies that measure separation of ownership and control, namely, the proportion of nonfamily management in the firm, and the proportion of nonfamily representation on the board of directors. The paper also considers the association between internal and external auditing. Descriptive results on voluntary demand for auditing by 186 family businesses revealed that internal audit was more prevalent than external audit, and outsourcing was a common method for providing internal audit. Results from logistic regression analyses provide support for the hypothesized impact of the two agency proxies and firm debt on demand for external audit, but do not explain the demand for internal audit. For firms that voluntarily engaged an auditor (internal and/or external audit), the negative and significant correlation between internal and external audit suggest that in the family business environment they are more commonly viewed as substitute rather than complementary responses.

scholarly journals The impact of management practices to prevent and control mycotoxins in the European food supply chain: MyToolBox project results

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
M. Focker ◽  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
N. Magan ◽  
S.G. Edwards ◽  
M. Grahovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The presence of mycotoxins in cereals has led to large economic losses in Europe. In the course of the European project MyToolBox, prevention and control measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals were developed. This study aimed to estimate the impact of these prevention and control measures on both the reduction in crop losses and the increased volume of crops suitable for food and/or feed. It focused on the following measures: the use of fungicides during wheat cultivation, the use of resistant maize cultivars and/or biocontrol during maize cultivation, the use of real time sensors in storage silos, the use of innovative milling strategies during the pasta making process, and the employment of degrading enzymes during the process of bioethanol and Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) production. The impact assessment was based on the annual volume of cereals produced, the annual levels of mycotoxin contamination, and experimental data on the prevention and control measures collected in the course of the MyToolBox project. Results are expressed in terms of reduced volumes of cereals lost, or as additional volumes of cereals available for food meeting the current European legal limits. Results showed that a reduction in crop losses as well as an increase in the volume of crops suitable as food and/or feed is feasible with each proposed prevention or control measure along the supply chain. The impact was the largest in areas and in years with the highest mycotoxin contamination levels but would have less impact in years with low mycotoxin levels. In further research, the impact assessment may be validated using future data from more years and European sites. Decision makers in the food and feed supply chain can use this impact assessment to decide on the relevant prevention and control strategies to apply.

Preliminary Exploration and Management Analysis of the Impact of the Avian Influenza Epidemics from the Point View of Chinese Animal Farmers

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Kerong Zhang ◽  
Wuyi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Animal Diseases ◽  
The Government ◽  
Behavior Choices ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

<p>In the study, the outbreak of avian influenza was explored analyzed in depth with all the data resources available. It was found that behavior choices and motivations of the animal producers fundamentally depended on their interests and accessing means in the process of animal epidemic disease prevention and control. It was suggested that the government and its sectors should formulate and execute an appropriate compensation system and make compensation timely when there appears an economic impact of major epidemic animal diseases on the producers and the producers’ economic losses are found. Furthermore, the government should take any effective measures to guide and promote the transformation of the conventional modes of livestock production, and lead those farmers and producers to the changed ways of conventional livestock production activities and modes to reduce the probabilities of animal diseases spread and outbreak, especially the infectious diseases like avian influenza.</p>

scholarly journals Investigation and Research on Educational Assistance Countermeasures for Rural Poor Students and Their Families in Chongqing Colleges and Universities During the Epidemic of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhu ◽  
Qiyao Chen ◽  
Jinling Huo ◽  
Yuanli Liu
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Educational Assistance ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on rural poor students and their families in colleges and universities in Chongqing. The results show that COVID-19 epidemic will aggravate the academic and employment difficulties of rural poor college students. It seriously affects the family income of rural poor college students, which can easily lead to poverty of rural poor college students and their families. In view of the challenges and problems, this paper puts forward the educational assistance countermeasures for the rural poor students and their families in colleges and universities in Chongqing during the epidemic prevention and control period by adhering to the "four combinations" and precise implementation of policies.

scholarly journals A study on control of novel corona-virus (2019- nCoV) disease process by using PID controller

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibolah Arasteh rad ◽  
Arshia Badi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Engineering ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundIn this paper, the SEIR dynamic model will be used to model the epidemic of coronvirus (2019-nCoV)disease. The SEIR model has been used to model infectious diseases in Malaysia.Then, the spread and control of the disease is simulated applying a PID controller. The results of this study show that the implementation of strict restrictions such as quarantine, social distancing and closure of gathering centers is effective in controlling the disease. Using the results and analyzing them, it was found that early and strict implementation of strict restrictions such as quarantine, social distance and closure of centers with a high percentage of community is very important to control this disease and prevent irreparable economic losses and depreciation of medical staff.ObjectiveModeling the prevalence and control of corona-virus (2019-nCoV)and the impact of government actions using control engineering methods.MethodIn this study, the SEIR dynamic model was used and the common data on the prevalence of the virus in Wuhan, China and Malaysia were used. As an example, the use of control target schemes is simulated in this paper.ResultsThe findings of this study use control methods and forecasting in control engineering to provide a clear picture of macro-decisions for different governments in the field of infectious diseases.ConclusionManagement and control schemes such as travel restrictions, quarantine, social distance and closure of offices, higher education institutions must be implemented immediately to prevent major economic and social losses. The implementation of these restrictions should not be delayed during the outbreak of corona-virus(2019-nCoV) infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) among Animals in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Pratiksha Parajuli ◽  
Sudiksha Pandit ◽  
Krishna Kaphle
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Herd Structure ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
And Control

Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease, affecting all domestic as well as wild cloven-hoofed animals caused by Apthovirus of Picornaviride family. FMD is endemic in Nepal causing substantial economic losses to livestock industry mainly cattle and buffalo, directly by decreasing the production and change in herd structure, and indirectly losses by cost of FMD control. The predominant serotype responsible for endemic outbreak of FMD in Nepal is ‘O’ however serotypes ‘A’ and ‘Asia-1’ have also been detected. Peak level of occurrence is noticed during pre-monsoon (April - May) and post-monsoon (Oct-Nov) period, however it occurs throughout the year. Movement of animals within the country mainly during festival season, illegal trading of livestock between Nepal and India because of open border, poor knowledge about the disease among farmers, high cost of treatment and control, lack of strict quarantine practices are the major factors contributing to high frequency of outbreak. Cattles were most frequently affected followed by buffalo, goat, sheep and pig. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the current scenario of FMD in Nepal, its transmission, diagnostic approaches and prevention and control measures. This paper is based on review of different articles from various journals, magazines, epidemiological bulletin, and reports from government of Nepal. The present approach to control this disease is through the vaccination of animal by imported multivalent vaccines. Vaccinations based on the matching of a vaccine strain to a field strain can be a better approach. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(1): 7-13

scholarly journals Vectors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF): Prevention and its Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
SN Sharma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Grass Root Level ◽  
And Control

CCHF is caused by a tickborne virus (Nairovirus) in the family Bunyaviridae. It was first characterized in the Crimea in 1944 and given the name Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Later, it was recognized in 1969 as the cause of illness in the Congo, thus resulting in the current name of the disease. CCHF is a zoonotic viral disease that is asymptomatic in infected animals, but a serious threat to humans. The virus is mainly transmitted by tick species of the genus Hyalomma. During January 2011, Nosocomial (infections caught in hospitals) outbreak was detected in Gujarat, Ahmedabad. Thereafter, several outbreaks and cases of CCHF were reported in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan during 2012-15. Cases were documented from six districts of Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Amreli, Patan, Surendranagar, Kutch and Aravalli), 3 districts of Rajasthan (Sirohi, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer) and in state of Uttar Pradesh were also affected. During 2019, 3 cases were reported in Rajasthan & 17 cases reported from Gujarat from the districts of Bhavnagar, Botad, Amreli, Kheda, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Surendranagar, Morbi, Jodhpur. An attempt has been made to describe the vectors of CCHF in India and its prevention and control so as to benefit the program managers working at the grass root level.

scholarly journals Novel Corona Virus and Veterinary Perspective: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Antiviral Medications ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Term Experience

The family of RNA viruses, Coronaviridae has been responsible for the past two epidemics of many viral related diseases and viral pneumonia. Currently, the covid-19 pandemic is brought about by another member from the Coronaviridae family named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus), which arose from China in December 2019. Coronavirus was not considered primarily a pathogen in the human population until the outbreak of SARS-CoV-19. Coronavirus causes a variety of infectious diseases in many livestock, poultry, and pet animals resulting in great economic losses. Because of the long-term experience attained with animal CoV, veterinary medication could assist with producing a superior comprehension of the cause and spread of SARS-CoV-2 and could drive future exploration in human medication towards the improvement of safe immunization and successful immunogenic and antiviral medications. This review focuses on general morphological and genomic features, origin of coronaviruses, its specific impacts on animals in relation to zoonotic potential and food chain wrongdoings. In addition, we propose some recommendations and control strategies that could be applied in combating the threats imposed by the covid-19 pandemic.

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