scholarly journals African Swine Fever Status in Europe

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Cwynar ◽  
Jane Stojkov ◽  
Klaudia Wlazlak
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Virus Spreading

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that affects the domestic pig and wild boar population. The aim of this study was to describe the introduction and spread of the ASF virus in Western Europe (1960–1995) and in Eastern Europe (2007–2018), with particular emphasis on the current ASF situation in Poland and its challenges and future perspectives. The first ASF outbreak in Europe was reported in Portugal in 1957, with the virus spreading over most of Western Europe over the next 30 years. In Eastern Europe, the virus was first observed in Georgia in 2007, from where the disease spread quickly to other neighboring countries, reaching Poland in 2014. Since then, there have been 3341 confirmed cases in the wild boar population in Poland. Although there have been no confirmed cases of wild boars coming into contact with domestic pigs, the first notified case concerning domestic pigs was reported in July 2014. Since then, there have been a total of 213 confirmed outbreaks of ASF on Polish pig farms. Given the virulence of the ASF virus and the myriad of transmission routes across Europe, the monitoring of this disease must be a priority for Europe.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever in Wild Boar (Poland 2020): Passive and Active Surveillance Analysis and Further Perspectives

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1219
Author(s):  
Maciej Piotr Frant ◽  
Anna Gal-Cisoń ◽  
Łukasz Bocian ◽  
Anna Ziętek-Barszcz ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Surveillance Analysis ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe

African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease of wild boar and domestic pigs which has been present in Poland since 2014. By 2020, the ASF virus (ASFV) spread across Central, Eastern and Western Europe (including Germany), and Asian countries (including China, Vietnam, and South Korea). The national ASF eradication and prevention program includes continuous passive (wild boar found dead and road-killed wild boar) and active (hunted wild boar) surveillance. The main goal of this study was to analyze the dynamic of the spread of ASF in the wild boar population across the territory of Poland in 2020. In that year in Poland, in total 6191 ASF-positive wild boar were declared. Most of them were confirmed in a group of animals found dead. The conducted statistical analysis indicates that the highest chance of obtaining an ASF-positive result in wild boar was during the winter months, from January to March, and in December 2020. Despite the biosecurity measures implemented by holdings of domestic pigs, the disease also occurred in 109 pig farms. The role of ASF surveillance in the wild boar population is crucial to apply more effective and tailored measures of disease control and eradication. The most essential measures to maintain sustainable production of domestic pigs in Poland include effective management of the wild boar population, along with strict implementation of biosecurity measures by domestic pig producers.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever: Disease Dynamics in Wild Boar Experimentally Infected with ASFV Isolates Belonging to Genotype I and II

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sánchez-Cordón ◽  
Nunez ◽  
Neimanis ◽  
Wikström-Lassa ◽  
Montoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Genotype I

After the re-introduction of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II isolates into Georgia in 2007, the disease spread from Eastern to Western Europe and then jumped first up to Mongolian borders and later into China in August 2018, spreading out of control and reaching different countries of Southeast Asia in 2019. From the initial incursion, along with domestic pigs, wild boar displayed a high susceptibility to ASFV and disease development. The disease established self-sustaining cycles within the wild boar population, a key fact that helped its spread and that pointed to the wild boar population as a substantial reservoir in Europe and probably also in Asia, which may hinder eradication and serve as the source for further geographic expansion. The present review gathers the most relevant information available regarding infection dynamics, disease pathogenesis and immune response that experimental infections with different ASFV isolates belonging to genotype I and II in wild boar and feral pigs have generated. Knowledge gaps in areas such as disease pathogenesis and immune response highlights the importance of focusing future studies on unravelling the early mechanisms of virus-cell interaction and innate and/or adaptive immune responses, knowledge that will contribute to the development of efficacious treatments/vaccines against ASFV.

scholarly journals African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Poland: Prevalence in a wild boar population (2017–2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
MP Frant ◽  
M Lyjak ◽  
L Bocian ◽  
A Barszcz ◽  
K Niemczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
In The Wild

African swine fever (ASF) was first described in 1921 in Kenya. The latest epidemic of ASF started in 2007 in Georgia. The virus was introduced to Poland in 2014. Since the beginning of the epidemics, the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy (NVRI) has been testing wild boar samples from restricted areas and other parts of Poland to conduct passive and active surveillance for ASFV in these groups of animals. The aim of this study was to summarise the last two years of the ASF epidemiological status in Poland and the attempt to find disease patterns in the wild boar population. The period between 2017 and 2018 brought a massive number of new ASF cases in Poland. The number of ASF-positive wild boars jumped from 91 in 2016 to 1 140 in 2017 (approximately a 12 × increase), and 2018 was even worse, with the disease affecting 4 083 animals (2 435 cases; one case could even be 10 animals or more if they are found in one place next to each other). The percentage of positive wild boars found dead (passive surveillance) in the restricted area increased in 2018 to 73.1% from 70.8% in 2017. The chance of obtaining positive results in this group was six times higher in December and 4.5 times higher in January than in August and September. The percentage of positive wild boars detected through active surveillance reached 1.5% in 2018. The data suggested that, not only in Poland, but also in other ASF-affected countries, during the epizootic stage of the disease spread the most important measure is an effective passive surveillance of dead wild boars especially, in the winter season rather than in the summer.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Europe—A Review

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1717
Author(s):  
Carola Sauter-Louis ◽  
Franz J. Conraths ◽  
Carolina Probst ◽  
Ulrike Blohm ◽  
Katja Schulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

The introduction of genotype II African swine fever (ASF) virus, presumably from Africa into Georgia in 2007, and its continuous spread through Europe and Asia as a panzootic disease of suids, continues to have a huge socio-economic impact. ASF is characterized by hemorrhagic fever leading to a high case/fatality ratio in pigs. In Europe, wild boar are especially affected. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on ASF in wild boar in Europe. The current ASF panzootic is characterized by self-sustaining cycles of infection in the wild boar population. Spill-over and spill-back events occur from wild boar to domestic pigs and vice versa. The social structure of wild boar populations and the spatial behavior of the animals, a variety of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission mechanisms and persistence in the environment complicate the modeling of the disease. Control measures focus on the detection and removal of wild boar carcasses, in which ASFV can remain infectious for months. Further measures include the reduction in wild boar density and the limitation of wild boar movements through fences. Using these measures, the Czech Republic and Belgium succeeded in eliminating ASF in their territories, while the disease spread in others. So far, no vaccine is available to protect wild boar or domestic pigs reliably against ASF.

scholarly journals Emergence of African Swine Fever in Poland (2014–2021). Successes and Failures in Disease Eradication

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak ◽  
Artur Jabłoński
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Disease Eradication ◽  
Pig Production

African swine fever (ASF) in Poland has been a major concern for pig production for the last seven years. The main constrains in ASF eradication in Poland are due to the high density of wild boar in ASF-affected areas of the country. Other factors, responsible for long-distance ASF spread to new regions of the country, are mainly related to human-mediated activity and lack of awareness of the potential disease threat to pig production. In the case of pig holdings, the only effective measure of ASF prevention is strict implementation of biosecurity rules. Despite many efforts to implement these measures, the disease occurred in a number of voivodeships, poviats and counties of Poland, primarily in eastern Poland; however, starting from 2019, also in the western part of the country. Further recommendations to eradicate ASF in Poland or at least to minimize the economic loss caused by ASF in pig production include effective wild boar population management strategies along with the implementation of strict biosecurity measures. The observations from the last seven years of ASF epizootic in Poland clearly indicate that the disease could not have been effectively controlled in wild boar population and could only be restricted in domestic pig population following severe biosecurity rules. As for ASF spread control in wild boar population, the measures applied in other EU countries include active wild boar carcass search and disposal along with sanitary and reduction hunting. These measures have also been shown non-effective. The only solution for future sustainable pig production in Poland seems to be strict collaboration between pig producers, veterinary inspection, and hunting associations.

A long-term serological survey on Aujeszky's disease virus infections in wild boar in East Germany

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PANNWITZ ◽  
C. FREULING ◽  
N. DENZIN ◽  
U. SCHAARSCHMIDT ◽  
H. NIEPER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
East Germany ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Aujeszky's Disease ◽  
Aujeszky’S Disease ◽  
Aujeszky’S Disease Virus ◽  
In The Wild

SUMMARYBetween 1985 and 2008, a total of 102 387 wild boar sera originating from Eastern Germany covering an area of 108 589 km2 were tested for the presence of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV)-specific antibodies. From 1985 until 1991 and from 1992 until 2008, wild boar sera were exclusively investigated using either conventional seroneutralization assays (n=39 621) or commercial gB and full antigen ELISAs (n=62 766), respectively. Spatial-temporal analysis revealed an increasing ADV seroprevalence from 0·4% to 15·9%, on average, during the 24-year observation period that went along with a continuous spread of the infection in a western direction. During 2006 and 2008, 18% of the 66 affected districts had ADV seroprevalences >30%. There was a significant correlation between ADV seroprevalence and the hunting index of population density (HIPD) of wild boar in the entire study area, although this did not hold true for some regions. Seroprevalences did not differ between sexes but were age-dependent. East Germany has been officially free of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) in domestic pigs since 1985. Although a risk for domestic pigs cannot be completely ruled out, experience has shown that ADV in domestic pigs could be eliminated although the virus was present in the wild boar population. Despite increasing ADV seroprevalence in the East German wild boar population no spillover infections from wild boar to domestic pigs have been reported. To further trace ADV infections in the wild boar population in Germany, a nationwide serological monitoring programme should be implemented.

scholarly journals Epidemiological analysis of classical swine fever in wild boars in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Shimizu ◽  
Yoko Hayama ◽  
Yoshinori Murato ◽  
Kotaro Sawai ◽  
Emi Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
First Case ◽  
Forest Continuity ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract Background Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease of pigs and wild boars that is transmitted through direct/indirect contact between animals or CSF virus-contaminated fomites. When the disease re-emerged in 2018 in Japan, a CSF-infected wild boar was reported shortly after the initial pig farm outbreak; subsequently, the disease spread widely. To control the disease spread among wild boars, intensive capturing, fencing, and oral bait vaccination were implemented with concomitant virological and serological surveillance. This study aimed to describe the disease spread in the wild boar population in Japan from September 2018, when the first case was reported, to March 2020, based on the surveillance data. We conducted statistical analyses using a generalized linear mixed model to identify factors associated with CSF infection among wild boars. Moreover, we descriptively assessed the effect of oral bait vaccination, which started in March 2019 in some municipalities in the affected areas. Results We observed a faster CSF infection spread in the wild boar population in Japan compared with the CSF epidemics in European countries. The infection probability was significantly higher in dead and adult animals. The influence of the multiple rounds of oral bait vaccination was not elucidated by the statistical modeling analyses. There was a decrease and increase in the proportion of infected and immune animals, respectively; however, the immunization in piglets remained insufficient after vaccination for 1 year. Conclusions Conditions regarding the wild boar habitat, including forest continuity, higher wild boar population density, and a larger proportion of susceptible piglets, were addressed to increase the infection risk in the wild boar population. These findings could improve the national control strategy against the CSF epidemic among wild boars.

scholarly journals With or without a Vaccine—A Review of Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Managing African Swine Fever in Resource-Constrained Smallholder Settings

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Mary-Louise Penrith ◽  
Armanda Bastos ◽  
Erika Chenais
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Innate Resistance ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Free Ranging

The spectacular recent spread of African swine fever (ASF) in Eastern Europe and Asia has been strongly associated, as it is in the endemic areas in Africa, with free-ranging pig populations and low-biosecurity backyard pig farming. Managing the disease in wild boar populations and in circumstances where the disease in domestic pigs is largely driven by poverty is particularly challenging and may remain so even in the presence of effective vaccines. The only option currently available to prevent ASF is strict biosecurity. Among small-scale pig farmers biosecurity measures are often considered unaffordable or impossible to implement. However, as outbreaks of ASF are also unaffordable, the adoption of basic biosecurity measures is imperative to achieve control and prevent losses. Biosecurity measures can be adapted to fit smallholder contexts, culture and costs. A longer-term approach that could prove valuable particularly for free-ranging pig populations would be exploitation of innate resistance to the virus, which is fully effective in wild African suids and has been observed in some domestic pig populations in areas of prolonged endemicity. We explore available options for preventing ASF in terms of feasibility, practicality and affordability among domestic pig populations that are at greatest risk of exposure to ASF.

scholarly journals Towards risk-based surveillance of African Swine Fever in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Vargas-Amado ◽  
Luís Pedro Carmo ◽  
John Berezowski ◽  
Claude Fischer ◽  
Maria João Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Domestic Pigs

African Swine Fever (ASF) has emerged as a disease of great concern to swine producers and government disease control agencies because of its severe consequences to animal health and the pig industry. Early detection of an ASF introduction is considered essential for reducing the harm caused by the disease. Risk-based surveillance approaches have been used as enhancements to early disease epidemic detection systems in livestock populations. Such approaches may consider the role wildlife plays in hosting and transmitting a disease. In this study, a novel method is presented to estimate and map the risk of introducing ASF into the domestic pig population through wild boar intermediate hosts. It makes use of data about hunted wild boar, rest areas along motorways connecting ASF affected countries to Switzerland, outdoor piggeries, and forest cover. These data were used to compute relative wild boar abundance as well as to estimate the risk of both disease introduction into the wild boar population and disease transmission to domestic pigs. The way relative wild boar abundance was calculated adds to the current state of the art by considering the effect of beech mast on hunting success and the probability of wild boar occurrence when distributing relative abundance values among individual grid cells. The risk of ASF introduction into the domestic pig population by wild boar was highest near the borders of France, Germany, and Italy. On the north side of the Alps, areas of high risk were located on the unshielded side of the main motorway crossing the Central Plateau, which acts as a barrier for wild boar. The results of this study can be used to focus surveillance efforts for early disease detection on high risk areas. The developed method may also inform policies to control other diseases that are transmitted by direct contact from wild boar to domestic pigs.

Monitoring of African Swine Fever in the Wild Boar Population of the Most Recent Endemic Area of Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mur ◽  
M. Boadella ◽  
B. Martínez-López ◽  
C. Gallardo ◽  
C. Gortazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
In The Wild
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