scholarly journals Retrospective Detection and Genetic Characterization of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) Strains Identified between 2006 and 2007 in Brazil

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Saraiva ◽  
Pedro Vidigal ◽  
Viviane Assao ◽  
Murilo Fajardo ◽  
Alerrandra Loreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽  
Open Reading Frame 2

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus that was first identified in the United States in 2016. Since its first detection, PCV3 has already been found in America, Asia, and Europe. Although PCV3 has already been described in Brazil, knowledge of its detection and sequence variation before 2016 is limited, as well as its distribution in the main swine producing regions of Brazil. In this study, 67 porcine clinical samples collected from nine states in Brazil between 2006 and 2007 were analyzed for PCV3 infection by PCR. Results showed that 47.8% of the samples were PCV3 positive, across all nine states. Of the PCV3-positive samples, 37.5% were also positive for PCV2. Interestingly, no clinical signs were associated with samples that were detected singularly with PCV3 infection. Moreover, the positive PCV3 rate in healthy pigs was higher (29.8%) than that found in unhealthy pigs (17.9%), suggesting that most pigs could live with PCV3 infection without any clinical sign in the analyzed samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that PCV3 strains obtained in this study shared 94.44% to 99.83% sequence identity at the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) gene level with available strains from different countries. PCV3 Brazilian sequences collected in 2006 and 2007 shared 97.94% to 99.62% identity with the strains obtained in 2016. The results of neutrality and selective pressure tests indicated that the PCV3 Cap protein seems unable to tolerate high levels of variation on its sequence. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Brazilian strains in PCV3a and PCV3b genotypes clusters, both including strains collected in America, Asia, and Europe. Taking the results together, multiple events of introduction of PCV3 may have occurred in Brazil, and Brazilian PCV3 strains may show genetic stability over the past 10 years.

scholarly journals Sensitive detection of porcine circovirus 3 by droplet digital PCR

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-607
Author(s):  
Yuqi Liu ◽  
Hecheng Meng ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Lili Li
Keyword(s):  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Clinical Detection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽  
High Degree

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a newly emerging virus that poses a potential threat to the swine industry. We developed a sensitive assay utilizing droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to detect PCV-3. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by the failure of amplification of DNA of other relevant viruses. The detection limit for ddPCR was 1 copy/μL, 10 times greater sensitivity than TaqMan real-time PCR (rtPCR). Both methods showed a high degree of linearity, although TaqMan rtPCR showed less sensitivity than ddPCR for clinical detection. Our findings indicate that ddPCR might offer faster and improved analytical sensitivity for PCV-3 detection.

scholarly journals Genotyping Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV-3) Nowadays: Does It Make Sense?

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Eric Delwart ◽  
Robert Fux ◽  
Ben Hause ◽  
Shuo Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Genomic Regions

The discovery of a globally distributed porcine circovirus (Porcine circovirus 3; PCV-3) has led to intense research activity and the production of a large amount of molecular data. Different research groups have proposed several, not always concordant, genotypes for this virus. While such categories could aid an easier interpretation of PCV-3 molecular epidemiology, any classification, to be useful in practical settings, must be univocal and of help in the understanding of underlying biological features and epidemiology. Based on these premises, the possibility of defining PCV-3 genotypes was evaluated on the broadest available dataset of PCV-3 complete genome (n = 357) and open reading frame 2 (ORF2, n = 653) sequences. Genetic distance and phylogenetic clustering were selected as the main objective criteria. Additional factors, including the number of within-cluster sequences, host and geographic clustering, concordance between different genomic regions, and analysis method were also taken in account to generate a classification that could be effectively applied in research and diagnostic settings. A maximum within-genotype genetic distance of 3% at the complete genome and 6% at the ORF2 levels, bootstrap support higher than 90%, and concordance between analysis methods allowed us to clearly define two clades which could be potentially defined as genotypes. Further subdivision was not suggested due to the absence of a meaningful association between PCV-3 and its biological/epidemiological features. Nevertheless, since one of the clades included two strains only, thus far we formally propose the definition of only one PCV-3 genotype (PCV-3a). The established criteria will allow us to automatically recognize other genotypes when more strain sequences are characterized.

scholarly journals First detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 3 in female donkeys with reproductive disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongtong Wang ◽  
Wenqiong Chai ◽  
Yonghui Wang ◽  
Wenqiang Liu ◽  
Zetong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3

Abstract Background PCV3 is a pathogen associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, and cardiac and multiorgan inflammation, which was newly identified in 2016 in sows in USA. Recently, PCV3 has also been identified from several non-porcine species like (cattle, dog, wild boar, deer, mice and ticks). However, PCV3 infection in donkey is not well established. Since 2019, 300 blood samples were collected from female donkey, which was characterized by abortion and sterility, in Liaocheng city of China. Results In the present study, an investigation of PCV3 in donkey blood samples was undertaken employing by real time PCR. Positive rates of PCV3 in donkeys reach to 21.0 %. In addition, one full-length PCV3 genome sequence was obtained, and it had a highest identity with porcine circovirus 3 PCV3/CN/Nanjing2017 strain and is clustered to PCV3a genotype based on ORF2 sequences. Conclusions This is the first report of detection of PCV3 from female donkeys presenting reproductive failure in large-scale donkey farms, China. In addition, the PCV3 strain identified in this study shared the closest relationship with those from porcine, suggesting that PCV3 may be transmitted from pigs to donkeys. Totally, PCV3 infection in donkey should be concerned although the association between it and reproductive failure are not better understood.

scholarly journals Porcine Circovirus 2 Genotypes, Immunity and Vaccines: Multiple Genotypes but One Single Serotype

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1049
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Joaquim Segalés
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Practical Implications

Identified for the first time in the 1990s, Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) should not be considered an emerging virus anymore. Nevertheless, many aspects of its biology and epidemiology are still controversial. Particularly, its high evolutionary rate has caused the emergence of several variants and genotypes, alternating on the worldwide proscenium. The biological and practical implications of such heterogenicity are unfortunately largely unknown. The effectiveness of currently available vaccines against new genotypes that have emerged over time has been the topic of an intense debate and often inconclusive or contradictory results between experimental, field, and epidemiological studies have been gathered. The challenge in establishing an effective PCV-2 disease model, the peculiarities in experimental design and settings and the strains involved could justify the observed differences. The present work aims to summarize and critically review the available knowledge on PCV-2 genetic heterogeneity, immunity, and vaccine efficacy, organizing and harmonizing the available data from different sources, shedding light on this complex field and highlighting current knowledge gaps and future perspectives. So far, all vaccines in the market have shown great efficacy in reducing clinical signs associated to diseases caused by PCV-2, independently of the genotype present in the farm. Moreover, experimental data demonstrated the cross-protection of PCV-2a vaccines against the most widespread genotypes (PCV-2a, PCV-2b, and PCV-2d). Therefore, despite the significant number of genotypes described/proposed (PCV-2a to PCV-2i), it seems one single PCV-2 serotype would exist so far.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Strain That Reemerged in Southern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Lun Zhai ◽  
Xia Zhou ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
He Zhang ◽  
Dian-Hong Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Orf2 Sequence ◽  
Open Reading Frame 2

ABSTRACT Here, we describe a novel porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) variant (GD2014) found in the Guangdong province, southern China. Its complete genome is 1,766 nucleotides and contained a 708-nucleotide open reading frame 2 (ORF2). Sequence analysis suggested that GD2014 is closest to JS2015 originating from the Jiangsu province of China and belongs to the PCV2d genotype.

Molecular Characterization of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) in Pig Populations in the North of Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Giap ◽  
Chung Hee Chun ◽  
Huynh Thi My Le ◽  
Cao Thi Bich Phuong ◽  
Vu Thi Ngoc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
The North ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3

scholarly journals Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Maria Luisa Menandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Swine Population ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Differently from alpha- and betaherpesviruses affecting swine, interest in the recently discovered Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, Suid gammaherpesvirus 4, and Suid gammaherpesvirus 5, also known as porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3), has largely focused on their role as potential zoonotic agents in cases of xenotransplantation. However, their role as primary pathogens of swine or as co-factors for other lymphotropic infections has essentially been neglected. The present study aims at filling this gap, evaluating the association between PLHVs infection and different clinical conditions and/or porcine circovirus (PCV) co-infection. One hundred seventy-six samples were obtained from different animals located in a high-density pig area of Northern Italy in the period 2017–2020. The presence of PLHVs and PCVs was tested and quantified by specific real-time PCR: PLHVs were widespread among pigs (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 prevalence was 28.97%, 10.79%, and 4.54%, respectively) and detected in all considered tissues and clinical conditions. Frequent co-infections were also observed among PLHVs and with PCVs, although a significant association was not detected with the exception of a positive interaction between PLHV-1 and PLHV-3, and a negative one between PLHV-2 and PCV-2. Significantly, no association between PLHVs, alone or in co-infection, emerged with any of the considered clinical signs, their frequency being comparable between healthy and diseased animals. Based on these pieces of evidence and despite their high prevalence, PLHVs’ relevance for the swine industry appears negligible, either as primary pathogens or as predisposing factors for circovirus-induced diseases.

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