scholarly journals Viroid Replication: Rolling-Circles, Enzymes and Ribozymes

Viruses ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Flores ◽  
María-Eugenia Gas ◽  
Diego Molina-Serrano ◽  
María-Ángeles Nohales ◽  
Alberto Carbonell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viroid Replication

scholarly journals Viroids: unusual small pathogenic RNAs.

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Góra-Sochacka
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozyme ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Rolling Circle ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Viroid Replication ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Rolling Circle Mechanism

Viroids are small (about 300 nucleotides), single-stranded, circular, non-encapsidated pathogenic RNA molecules. They do not code for proteins and thus depend on plant host enzymes for their replication and other functions. They induce plant diseases by direct interaction with host factors but the mechanism of pathogenicity is still unknown. They can alter the expression of selected plant genes important for growth and development. Viroids belong to two families, the Avsunviroidae and the Pospiviroidae. Viroids of the Avsunviroidae family adopt a branched or quasi rod-like secondary structure in their native state. Members of the Pospiviroidae family adopt a rod-like secondary structure. In such native structures five structural/functional domains have been identified: central (C), pathogenicity, variable and two terminal domains. The central conserved region (CCR) within the C domain characterizes viroids of the Pospiviroidae. Specific secondary structures of this region play an important role in viroid replication and processing. Viroids of the Avsunviroidae family lack a CCR but possess self-cleaving properties by forming hammerhead ribozyme structures; they accumulate and replicate in chloroplasts, whereas members of the Pospiviroidae family have a nuclear localization. Viroid replication occurs via a rolling circle mechanism using either a symmetric or asymmetric pathway in three steps, RNA transcription, processing and ligation.

scholarly journals Viroid replication: equilibrium association constant and comparative activity measurements for the viroid-polymerase interaction

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6231-6246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Goodman ◽  
Luitgard Nagel ◽  
Winfried Rappold ◽  
Günther Klotz ◽  
Detlev Riesner
Keyword(s):  
Association Constant ◽  
Viroid Replication ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Comparative Activity

scholarly journals Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (26) ◽  
pp. 13042-13050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Wei ◽  
Ruiling Bian ◽  
Ida Bagus Andika ◽  
Erbo Niu ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Viroid Replication ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
Symptomatic Plant

Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi,Cryphonectria parasitica,Valsa mali, andFusarium graminearum. By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid RNA transcripts, each of the three, hop stunt viroid (HSVd), iresine 1 viroid, and avocado sunblotch viroid, can stably replicate in at least one of those fungi. The viroids are horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis and vertically through conidia. HSVd infection severely debilitates the growth ofV. malibut not that of the other two fungi, while inF. graminearumandC. parasitica, with deletion of dicer-like genes, the primary components of the RNA-silencing pathway, HSVd accumulation increases. We further demonstrate that HSVd can be bidirectionally transferred betweenF. graminearumand plants during infection. The viroids also efficiently infect fungi and induce disease symptoms when the viroid RNAs are exogenously applied to the fungal mycelia. These findings enhance our understanding of viroid replication, host range, and pathogenicity, and of their potential spread to other organisms in nature.

scholarly journals Role of the Variable Domain in Modulating Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Replication

Virology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
YI HU ◽  
PAUL A. FELDSTEIN ◽  
PAUL J. BOTTINO ◽  
ROBERT A. OWENS
Keyword(s):  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
Variable Domain ◽  
Viroid Replication

Viroid Replication

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Flores ◽  
Sofia Minoia ◽  
Amparo López-Carrasco ◽  
Sonia Delgado ◽  
Ángel-Emilio Martínez de Alba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viroid Replication

Analysis of Viroid Replication

2008 ◽  
pp. 167-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Flores ◽  
MaríDa-Eugenia Gas ◽  
Diego Molina ◽  
Carmen Hernández ◽  
José-Antonio Darós
Keyword(s):  
Viroid Replication

Viroid replication is inhibited by α-amanitin

Nature ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 278 (5700) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS-P. MÜHLBACH ◽  
HEINZ L. SÄNGER
Keyword(s):  
Viroid Replication
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