scholarly journals Applying Control Abstraction to the Design of Human–Agent Teams

Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford D. Johnson ◽  
Michael E. Miller ◽  
Christina F. Rusnock ◽  
David R. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Automated System ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
System Control ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
System States ◽  
Insight Into

Levels of Automation (LOA) provide a method for describing authority granted to automated system elements to make individual decisions. However, these levels are technology-centric and provide little insight into overall system operation. The current research discusses an alternate classification scheme, referred to as the Level of Human Control Abstraction (LHCA). LHCA is an operator-centric framework that classifies a system’s state based on the required operator inputs. The framework consists of five levels, each requiring less granularity of human control: Direct, Augmented, Parametric, Goal-Oriented, and Mission-Capable. An analysis was conducted of several existing systems. This analysis illustrates the presence of each of these levels of control, and many existing systems support system states which facilitate multiple LHCAs. It is suggested that as the granularity of human control is reduced, the level of required human attention and required cognitive resources decreases. Thus, it is suggested that designing systems that permit the user to select among LHCAs during system control may facilitate human-machine teaming and improve the flexibility of the system.

Allocation of Function, Adaptive Automation, and Fault Management

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-279
Author(s):  
Neville Moray ◽  
Toshiuki Inagaki ◽  
Makoto Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Fault Management ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Adaptive Automation ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Allocation Of Function ◽  
Different Levels

Sheridan's “Levels of Automation” were explored in an experiment on fault management of a continuous process control task which included situation adaptive automation. Levels of automation with more or less automation autonomy, and different levels of advice to the operator were compared, with automatic diagnosis whose reliability varied. The efficiency of process control and of fault management were explored under human control and automation in fault management, and aspects of the task in which human or automation were the more efficient defined. The results are related to earlier work on trust and self confidence in allocation of function by Lee, Moray, and Muir.

THE OSCILLATION–ROTATION ATTRACTORS IN THE FORCED PENDULUM AND THEIR PECULIAR PROPERTIES

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
WANDA SZEMPLIŃSKA-STUPNICKA ◽  
ELŻBIETA TYRKIEL
Keyword(s):  
Control Parameter ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Basins Of Attraction ◽  
Parameter Plane ◽  
System Control ◽  
Periodic Force ◽  
Forced Pendulum ◽  
Insight Into

The paper is aimed at exploration of the properties of the oscillation–rotation attractors in the dissipative pendulum driven by external periodic force. The study of regions of existence of the orbits in the system control parameter plane, coexistence with other attractors, fractal structure of their basins of attraction, and the role they play in the onset of the tumbling chaos, give an insight into some peculiar features of the oscillation–rotation attractors and their bifurcational structures.

Challenges and Opportunities Related to Use of Models in Drilling Operations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vatshaug Ottermo ◽  
Knut Steinar Bjørkevoll ◽  
Tor Onshus
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Mathematical Algorithms ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Ict Security ◽  
Future Work

Abstract Automation of managed pressure drilling (MPD) has a big potential for improving consistency, efficiency, and safety of operations, and is therefore pursued by many actors. While this development mitigates many risk elements, it also adds some related to for example mathematical algorithms and remote access. This work is based on document reviews, interviews, and working sessions with the industry, and adds insight on how risks associated with moving to higher levels of automation of MPD can be mitigated to a level where benefits are significantly larger than the sum of added risks. The work has resulted in many recommendations for the industry, where most were related to testing, verification, and validation of the models and data inputs, as well as meaningful human control and employing a holistic approach when introducing new models. Recommendations were also given to the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway. These were related to missing or inadequate use of standards by the industry, lack of ICT knowledge, and encouraging increased experience sharing. Future work should address how to enable meaningful human control as models become more complex or to a larger extent is based on empirical data and artificial intelligence as opposed to models based on first principles. Human control is important in unexpected situations in which the system fails to act safely. There is also a need to address ICT security issues arising when remote operation becomes more common.

Getting Ahead

Teen Spirit ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
Paul Howe
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adolescent Society ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter assesses how the pervasive influence of the adolescent character provides insight into the workings of another sector of modern life relevant to us all: the economy. Less of a collective undertaking than politics, economic activity is guided primarily by individual decisions and actions in the free market system; so many of the relevant effects are seen first and foremost at the individual level. But these individual effects can multiply and cascade to generate patterns that do have important consequences for the general economic and social fabric. Emotions, misperceptions, intangible costs and benefits, influenced in many instances by underlying character traits, lead people to act in ways that the traditional models do not anticipate. As in other fields, it is only recently that some researchers have started to link personality to economic behavior in interesting and enlightening ways to dig deeper into what makes people tick when it comes to economic decision making and activity. When we combine some of these findings with ideas about the changing contours of character in the adolescent society, we can develop new understandings of some of the more salient economic trends of the past number of years.

scholarly journals The effect of partial automation on the productivity and cost of a mobile tower yarder

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Raffaele Spinelli ◽  
Rien Visser ◽  
Natascia Magagnotti ◽  
Carolina Lombardini
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Productivity Cost ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Human Factors And Ergonomics ◽  
Integration Of Technology ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Cable Yarding ◽  
The Difference

t Integration of technology is commonplace in forestry equipment supporting higher levels of automation and efficiency. For technology adoption to be successful it must demonstrate improvement in productivity, cost–effectiveness or in human factors and ergonomics. Cable yarding lends itself to automation with repetitive machine movement along a fixed corridor, as established by the skyline. This study aimed at investigating the difference in productivity between the two possible settings (manual and automated) of a Valentini V850 yarder equipped with automatic path programming, with a Bergwald 3-t carriage and radio controlled chokers. The study took place in the northern Italian Alpine eastern region over a period of 8 days on two separate corridors, resulting in 280 measured cycles split between manual and automated. Results in terms of absolute numbers were very close for the two system options, but significant differences were found. For example, inhaul time was longer, but outhaul time shorter for the automated system. Productivity ranged from 8.2 to 13.3 m3 PMH-1, and cost from approximately 20 to 30 € m-3. The automated system did achieve a significantly higher productivity, but differences declined with extraction distance. When that was combined with the slightly higher cost for the automated system, the automated system was more cost-effective on extraction distances less than 200 m, and the manual system on longer distances.

On the Application of Extended Kalman and Continuous Discrete Extended Kalman Filter for a HIL Magnetic Levitation Device

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Henley ◽  
Panos S. Shiakolas ◽  
Kamesh Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
State Estimation ◽  
Extended Kalman Filter ◽  
Magnetic Levitation ◽  
System Control ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
System States ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Reference Trajectories ◽  
Control Output

Magnetic levitation (maglev) devices have been extensively studied in the literature and find applications in many engineering fields. In this manuscript, we investigate and discuss the control and state estimation for a nonlinear maglev device based on Kalman estimation theory considering unmodeled process and measurement noise in the formulation. The Continuous Discrete Extended Kalman Filter (CDEKF) is utilized to estimate the system states and subsequently generate the control output based on the estimates. The approach is demonstrated in simulation using actual hardware (maglev and sensor) dynamics and parameter values. Currently, the proposed approach is being implemented and tuned on hardware in the loop (HIL) maglev device. The performance of the proposed approach in the simulated environment for state estimation and system control for step and sinusoidal reference trajectories and the HIL implementation procedure are also discussed.

Three Dimensional Hypercube Model and Mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
Prashant Kumar Patra ◽  
Padma Lochan Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Automated System ◽  
System Control ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Risk Optimization ◽  
System Resources

The automated access control mechanism afforded to an automated system control in order to attain the maximum objectives of preserving the confidentiality, integrity, authentication & high availability of information system resources. The risk optimization is the process of identifying vulnerabilities, risk, uncertainties and threats to operating system resources to achieving the maximum business objectives and deciding the maximum counter measures in to optimizing the lowest level of risk. This proposed three dimensional hypercube security models and mechanism is going to be providing high level accountability for individuals who are accessing sensitive information on multiple relation functions, operation and services (RFOS) on multiple application, system software, server and network. This accountability is accomplished through access control mechanisms & services that require Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Access control, Non repudiation, Availability & Privacy through operating system control and audit function. One has to develop the computer algebraic system over a relation, function, operation & services for multiple business, resources and location for risk optimization on complex real time large scale operating system. This paper contributes to the development of an optimization mechanism that objective to determine the optimal cost to be invested into security mechanisms on the measure component of the system security. Furthermore, the model optimize the cost, time & resources is supposed to optimize the system risks and maximize the business throughput and high security system. One has to develop one solution (ACM) for multiple issue which is satisfying to the pervasive and ubiquitous computing based on distributed object oriented system.

Process and Performance in Human-Robot Teams

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Huadong Wang ◽  
Shih Yi Chien ◽  
Prasanna Velagapudi ◽  
Paul Scerri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Service Robots ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Urban Search And Rescue ◽  
Process Measures ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Robot Teams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Independent Tasks

The authors are developing a theory for human control of robot teams based on considering how control difficulty grows with team size. Current work focuses on domains, such as foraging, in which robots perform largely independent tasks. Such tasks are particularly amenable to analysis because effects on performance and cognitive resources are predicted to be additive, and tasks can safely be allocated across operators because of their independence. The present study addresses the interaction between automation and organization of human teams in controlling large robot teams performing an urban search-and-rescue (USAR) task. Two possible ways to organize operators were identified: as individual assignments of robots to operators, assigned robots, or as a shared pool in which operators service robots from the population as needed. The experiment compares two-person teams of operators controlling teams of 12 robots each in the assigned-robots condition or sharing control of 24 robots in the shared-pool condition using either waypoint control in the manual condition or autonomous path planning in the autonomy condition. Automating path planning improved system performance, but process measures suggest it may weaken situation awareness.

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