Description of Dressed-Photon Dynamics and Extraction Process

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Suguru Sangu ◽  
Hayato Saigo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Momentum Conservation ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
External Space ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Several interesting physical phenomena and industrial applications explained by the dressed photon have been reported in recent years. These require a novel concept in an off-shell science that deviates from the conventional optics, satisfying energy and momentum conservation laws. In this paper, starting from an original model that captures dressed-photon characteristics phenomenologically, the dynamics of the dressed photon in a nanomatter system and the mechanism for extracting internal degrees of freedom of the dressed photon to an external space have been examined by theoretical and numerical approaches. Our proposal is that basis states of the dressed photon can be transformed to the form that reflects the spatial distribution of the dressed-photon steady state in the system, and some of basis states with predetermined spatial distribution can relate to the dissipation components in the external space by means of the renormalization technique. From the results of numerical simulation, it is found that quasi-static states are regarded as the photon with light mass or massless, and the extraction of active states strongly affects the spatial distribution in a new steady state. The concept for extracting dressed-photon energy to an external space will contribute to a detailed understanding of dressed-photon physics and future industrial applications.

Isogeometric Analysis for Tire Simulation at Steady-State Rolling

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-195
Author(s):  
Mario A. Garcia ◽  
Michael Kaliske
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Isogeometric Analysis ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Standard Material

ABSTRACT The use of isogeometric analysis (IGA) in industrial applications has increased in the past years. One of the main advantages is the combination of finite element analysis (FEA) with the capability of representing the exact geometry by means of non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). This framework has proven to be an efficient alternative to standard FEA in solid mechanics and fluid dynamics, in cases in which sensitivity to geometry is found. The numerical simulation of rolling tires requires a proper discretization for the curved boundaries and complex cross sections, which often leads to the use of higher-order or cylindrical elements. As remeshing operations are numerically costly in tire models, IGA stands as an attractive alternative for the modeling of rolling tires. In this contribution, an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation is implemented into IGA to provide the basic tools for the numerical analysis of rolling bodies at steady-state conditions. The solid basis of the formulation allows the employment of standard material models, but tire constructive elements, such as reinforcing layers, require special attention. Streamlines are constructed based on the locations of the integration points, and therefore, linear and nonlinear viscoelastic models can be implemented. Numerical examples highlight the advantage of the new approach of requiring fewer degrees of freedom for an accurate description of the geometry.

scholarly journals Scattering in Terms of Bohmian Conditional Wave Functions for Scenarios with Non-Commuting Energy and Momentum Operators

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Matteo Villani ◽  
Guillermo Albareda ◽  
Carlos Destefani ◽  
Xavier Cartoixà ◽  
Xavier Oriols
Keyword(s):  
Single Particle ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Open Quantum Systems ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Light Matter Interaction ◽  
Pure States ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Full Quantum

Without access to the full quantum state, modeling quantum transport in mesoscopic systems requires dealing with a limited number of degrees of freedom. In this work, we analyze the possibility of modeling the perturbation induced by non-simulated degrees of freedom on the simulated ones as a transition between single-particle pure states. First, we show that Bohmian conditional wave functions (BCWFs) allow for a rigorous discussion of the dynamics of electrons inside open quantum systems in terms of single-particle time-dependent pure states, either under Markovian or non-Markovian conditions. Second, we discuss the practical application of the method for modeling light–matter interaction phenomena in a resonant tunneling device, where a single photon interacts with a single electron. Third, we emphasize the importance of interpreting such a scattering mechanism as a transition between initial and final single-particle BCWF with well-defined central energies (rather than with well-defined central momenta).

scholarly journals Study on the Effect and Mechanism of Impurity Aluminum on the Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements (Nd, Pr, La) by P204-P350 in Chloride Solution

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Xian Xie ◽  
Xiong Tong ◽  
Yunpeng Du ◽  
Qiang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Aluminum Ion ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Medium ◽  
Impurity Ion

Solvent extraction is the most widely used method for separation and purification of rare earth elements, and organic extractants such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) and di(1-methyl-heptyl) methyl phosphonate (P350) are most commonly used for industrial applications. However, the presence of impurity ions in the feed liquid during extraction can easily emulsify the extractant and affect the quality of rare earth products. Aluminum ion is the most common impurity ion in the feed liquid, and it is an important cause of emulsification of the extractant. In this study, the influence of aluminum ion was investigated on the extraction of light rare earth elements by the P204-P350 system in hydrochloric acid medium. The results show that Al3+ competes with light rare earths in the extraction process, reducing the overall extraction rate. In addition, the Al3+ stripping rate is low and there is continuous accumulation of Al3+ in the organic phase during the stripping process, affecting the extraction efficiency and even causing emulsification. The slope method and infrared detection were utilized to explore the formation of an extraction compound of Al3+ and the extractant P204-P350 that entered the organic phase as AlCl[(HA)2]2P350(o).

Effects of slide-to-roll ratio and varying velocity on the lubrication performance of grease at low speed

2021 ◽  
pp. 135065012199336
Author(s):  
Yiming Han ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Xuyang Jin ◽  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Rui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Existence Time ◽  
Pure Rolling ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Long Time

Under steady-state pure rolling conditions with low speed, the thickener fiber agglomerations can be maintained for a long time, generating a beneficial thicker film thickness. However, in industrial applications, motions with sliding or transient effects are very common for gears, rolling-element bearings or even chain drives, evaluation of the grease performance under such conditions is vital for determining the lubrication mechanism and designing new greases. In this project, optical interferometry experiments were carried out on a ball-disk test rig to study the disintegration time of the grease thickener agglomerations with the increase of the slide-to-roll ratio under steady-state and reciprocation motions. Under steady-state conditions, the thickener fiber agglomeration can exist for a while and the time becomes shorter with the increase of the slide-to-roll ratio above the critical speed. Below the critical speed, the thickener fiber can exist in the contact in the form of a quite thick film for a very long time under pure rolling conditions but that time is decreased with the increase of the slide-to-roll ratio. The introduction of the transient effect can further reduce the existence time of the thickener.

Beam-Vibration Analysis With the Electric-Analog Computer

1950 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
G. D. McCann ◽  
R. H. MacNeal
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Analog Computer ◽  
Accurate Solution ◽  
Rotary Inertia ◽  
Beam Vibration ◽  
Lumped Constant ◽  
Electric Analog

Abstract The authors have developed a true dynamic analogy which has been used with the Cal Tech electric-analog computer for the rapid and accurate solution of both steady-state and transient beam problems. This analogy has been found well suited to the study of beams having several coupled degrees of freedom, including torsion, simple bending, and bending in a plane. Damping and effects such as rotary inertia may be handled readily. The analogy may also be used in the study of systems involving combined beams and “lumped-constant” elements.

Using three elementary particles to construct the physical world

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-247
Author(s):  
Huawang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we conjecture that gravitation, electromagnetism, and strong nuclear interactions are all produced by particle collisions by determining the essential concept of force in physics (that is, the magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction), and further speculate the existence of a new particle, Yizi. The average kinetic energy of Yizi is considered to be equal to Planck’s constant, so the mass of Yizi is calculated to be <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.37</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>51</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> kg and the average velocity of Yizi is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.24</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m/s. The universe is filled with Yizi gas, the number density of Yizi can reach <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.61</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>64</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> /m3, and Yizi has no charge. After abandoning the idealism of physics, I try to construct a physical framework from three elementary particles: Protons, electrons, and Yizis. (The elementary particles mentioned here generally refer to the indivisible particles that constitute objects.) The effects of Yizi on the conversion of light, electricity, magnetism, mass, and energy as well as the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces are emphasized. The gravitation of electromagnetic waves is measured using a Cavendish torsion balance. It is shown experimentally that electromagnetic waves not only produce pressure (repulsion) but also gravitational forces upon objects. The universe is a combination of three fundamental particles. Motion is eternal and follows the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. There is only one force: The magnitude of change in momentum per unit time for a group of particles traveling in one direction. Furthermore, this corresponds to the magnitude of the force that the group of particles exerts in that direction. From this perspective, all physical phenomena are relatively easy to explain.

Generating real-time trajectories for a planar biped robot crossing a wide ditch with landing uncertainties

Robotica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Janardhan ◽  
R. Prasanth Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Biped Robot ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Time Planning

SUMMARYDitch crossing is one of the essential capabilities required for a biped robot in disaster management and search and rescue operations. Present work focuses on crossing a wide ditch with landing uncertainties by an under-actuated planar biped robot with five degrees of freedom. We consider a ditch as wide for a robot when the ankle to ankle stretch required to cross it is at least equal to the leg length of the robot. Since locomotion in uncertain environments requires real-time planning, in this paper, we present a new approach for generating real-time joint trajectories using control constraints not explicitly dependent on time, considering impact, dynamic balance, and friction. As part of the approach, we introduce a novel concept called the point of feasibility for bringing the biped robot to complete rest at the end of ditch crossing. We present a study on the influence of initial posture on landing impact and net energy consumption. Through simulations, we found the best initial postures to efficiently cross a wide ditch of width 1.05 m, with less impact and without singularities. Finally, we demonstrate the advantage of the proposed approach to cross a wide ditch when the surface friction is not same on both sides of the ditch.

Effects of Suspension Design on the Attitudes of a Car during Braking and Acceleration

1973 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 787-794
Author(s):  
J. R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Linear Systems ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Coupled Systems ◽  
Two Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Non Linear Systems ◽  
Effort Distribution

Two degrees of freedom models of a car are employed to demonstrate the effects of the suspension derivative ∂ x/∂ z on the pitch and bounce attitudes during braking or accelerating. The work equation is employed to show that brake effort distribution between the axles has a significant effect on the attitudes when anti-dive suspension characteristics are utilized. The steady-state positions in both pitch and bounce are developed for linear systems of typical suspensions that may be either standard or coupled systems. Non-linear systems are considered using simulation techniques. A description of some simulation circuits is contained in an appendix.

Periodic Steady State Response and Fatigue Analysis of a Nonlinear City Bus Model

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Valsamos ◽  
Christos Theodosiou ◽  
Sotirios Natsiavas
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Steady State Response ◽  
State Response ◽  
Periodic Steady State

Dynamic response related to fatigue prediction of an urban bus is investigated. First, a quite complete model subjected to road excitation is employed in order to extract sufficiently reliable and accurate information in a fast way. The bus model is set up by applying the finite element method, resulting to an excessive number of degrees of freedom. In addition, the bus suspension units involve nonlinear characterstics. A step towards alleviating this difficulty is the application of an appropriate coordinate transformation, causing a drastic reduction in the dimension of the final set of the equations of motion. This allows the application of a systematic numerical methodology leading to direct determination of periodic steady state response of nonlinear models subjected to periodic excitation. Next, typical results were obtained for excitation resulting from selected urban road profiles. These profiles have either a known form or known statistical properties, expressed by an appropriate spatial power spectral density function. In all cases examined, the emphasis was put on investigating ride response. The main attention was focused on identifying areas of the bus suspension and frame subsystems where high stress levels are developed. This information is based on the idea of a nonlinear transfer function and provides the basis for applying suitable criteria in order to perform analyses leading to prediction of fatigue failure.

scholarly journals The Impact of Teaching Physics via Modeling on Modifying Alternative Conception of Energy and Momentum Conservation among 11th Grade Female Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Abdulah K. Ambusaidi ◽  
Rahma M. Al Sabri
Keyword(s):  
Science Teachers ◽  
Momentum Conservation ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Teaching Physics ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
11Th Grade

This study investigated the impact of teaching physics via modeling on theacquisition of energy and momentum conservation concepts. The sample consisted of 91 female students selected from 11th grade female students in two schools in Al-Dakhiliyah Governorate in Oman. The experimental group (n = 45) was taught via the modeling method, and the control group (n = 46) was taught using a traditional method. The study lasted six weeks during the second semester of the academic year 2013/2014. A teacher guide for teaching by models was designed and validated by a group of experts. To measure the acquisition of physics concepts, energy and momentum, an achievement test was used. The test consisted of 20 multiple-choice questions. Its reliability was measured by test-retest method (r = 0.79). The results revealed a statistically significant difference (p < .05) between the means of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. The study recommends that science teachers ought to use models and modeling in their teaching. Workshops to train supervisors, in-service teachers and pre-service teachers in the construction and development of scientific models need to be conducted

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