scholarly journals Biopolymer and Biomaterial Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanomaterials as Prostate Cancer Theranostic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Md. Abu Rayhan ◽  
Md. Sakib Hossen ◽  
Mahruba Sultana Niloy ◽  
Mozammel Haque Bhuiyan ◽  
Sudip Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Theranostic Agents

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and the leading cause of death for men all over the world. Early diagnosis is the key to start treatment at an early stage of PCa and to reduce the death toll. Generally, PCa expresses characteristic morphologic features and serum biomarkers; however, early diagnosis is challenging due to its heterogeneity and long-term indolent phase in the early stage. Following positive diagnosis, PCa patients receive conventional treatments including surgery, radiation therapy, androgen deprivation therapy, focal therapy, and chemotherapy to enhance survival time and alleviate PCa-related complications. However, these treatment strategies have both short and long-term side effects, notably impotence, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunctions, and recurrence of cancer. These limitations warrant the quest for novel PCa theranostic agents with robust diagnostic and therapeutic potentials to lessen the burden of PCa-related suffering. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have recently drawn attention for their symmetrical usage in the diagnosis and treatment of several cancer types. Here, we performed a systematic search in four popular online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) for the articles regarding PCa and IONPs. Published literature confirmed that the surface modification of IONPs with biopolymers and diagnostic biomarkers improved the early diagnosis of PCa, even in the metastatic stage with reliable accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, fine-tuning of IONPs with biopolymers, nucleic acids, anticancer drugs, and bioactive compounds can improve the therapeutic efficacy of these anticancer agents against PCa. This review covers the symmetrical use of IONPs in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, investigates their biocompatibility, and examines their potential as PCa theranostic agents.

scholarly journals Tubocutaneous Fistula

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Krishnaveni Nayini ◽  
Clive Gie
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Fistulous Tract ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Child Birth ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Tubocutaneous fistula is a very rare condition; most cases described in the literature are secondary to endometriosis, tuberculosis, and complications of child birth and gynecological operations.Case Presentation. We report a case of 40-year-old woman who presented with tubocutaneous fistula secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease which was diagnosed in the setting of persistent discharging wound in the right groin.Conclusion. Tubocutaneous fistula is a rare condition. Salpingectomy and resection of fistulous tract is the treatment of choice as is treating the underlying cause. Early diagnosis and treatment of these patients are essential for avoiding long term complications.

scholarly journals Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging as a Prognostic Tool in Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Correlation with PSA and Clinical Stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingchen Wu ◽  
Petri Reinikainen ◽  
Mika Kapanen ◽  
Tuula Vierikko ◽  
Pertti Ryymin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Transfer Constant ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Contrast Enhanced

Background and Purpose. Although several methods have been developed to predict the outcome of patients with prostate cancer, early diagnosis of individual patient remains challenging. The aim of the present study was to correlate tumor perfusion parameters derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and clinical prognostic factors and further to explore the diagnostic value of DCE-MRI parameters in early stage prostate cancer. Patients and Methods. Sixty-two newly diagnosed patients with histologically proven prostate adenocarcinoma were enrolled in our prospective study. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (12 cores, 6 on each lobe) was performed in each patient. Pathology was reviewed and graded according to the Gleason system. DCE-MRI was performed and analyzed using a two-compartmental model; quantitative parameters including volume transfer constant (Ktrans), reflux constant (Kep), and initial area under curve (iAUC) were calculated from the tumors and correlated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, and clinical stage. Results. Ktrans (0.11 ± 0.02 min−1 versus 0.16 ± 0.06 min−1; p<0.05), Kep (0.38 ± 0.08 min−1 versus 0.60 ± 0.23 min−1; p<0.01), and iAUC (14.33 ± 2.66 mmoL/L/min versus 17.40 ± 5.97 mmoL/L/min; p<0.05) were all lower in the clinical stage T1c tumors (tumor number, n=11) than that of tumors in clinical stage T2 (n=58). Serum PSA correlated with both tumor Ktrans (r=0.304, p<0.05) and iAUC (r=0.258, p<0.05). Conclusions. Our study has confirmed that DCE-MRI is a promising biomarker that reflects the microcirculation of prostate cancer. DCE-MRI in combination with clinical prognostic factors may provide an effective new tool for the basis of early diagnosis and treatment decisions.

scholarly journals Hyponatremia in the Neurologically Ill Patient: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216
Author(s):  
David P. Lerner ◽  
Starane A. Shepherd ◽  
Ayush Batra
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Acute Presentation

Hyponatremia is a well-known disorder commonly faced by clinicians managing neurologically ill patients. Neurological disorders are often associated with hyponatremia during their acute presentation and can be associated with specific neurologic etiologies and symptoms. Patients may present with hyponatremia with traumatic brain injury, develop hyponatremia subacutely following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, or may manifest with seizures due to hyponatremia itself. Clinicians caring for the neurologically ill patient should be well versed in identifying these early signs, symptoms, and etiologies of hyponatremia. Early diagnosis and treatment can potentially avoid neurologic and systemic complications in these patients and improve outcomes. This review focuses on the causes and findings of hyponatremia in the neurologically ill patient and discusses the pathophysiology, diagnoses, and treatment strategies for commonly encountered etiologies.

Plasma Tissue Factor (TF) Antigen, Cellular Microparticles and Markers of Coagulation and Platelet Activation in Localized Prostate Cancer.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1943-1943
Author(s):  
Florian Langer ◽  
Karl-Heinz F. Chun ◽  
Ali Amirkhosravi ◽  
Barbara Eifrig ◽  
Carsten Bokemeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Resection Margins ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Coagulation and platelet activation are involved in tumor growth and dissemination, and recent trials have demonstrated promising efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in cancer treatment. It is unclear, however, which subgroup of patients benefits most from anticoagulant therapy, although LMWH may be most effective in limited-stage malignancy. About 15–20% of patients with localized prostate cancer (PC) experience recurrent local and/or metastatic disease after radical prostatectomy. We conducted a prospective study to identify laboratory markers of hypercoagulability in early-stage PC, providing a potential rational for adjuvant anticoagulant treatment strategies in this tumor entity. In 98 consecutive patients with clinically localized PC (62±6 years), we found significantly higher preoperative plasma levels of TF (median, 95 vs. 0 pg/ml), prothrombin fragment F1+2 (1.6 vs. 1.1 nmol/l), plasmin-antiplasmin complex (339 vs. 238 ng/ml), and D-dimer (0.27 vs. 0.17 mg/l) than in 42 sex- and age-matched controls (P<0.001). Patients with organ-confined (pT2) and histologically more differentiated tumors (Gleason sum, <7) had lower D-dimer levels than patients with pT3 (P=0.06) and less differentiated tumors (P=0.02). No association was found between hemostatic parameters and preoperative PSA values, lymph node involvement, or positivity of resection margins. Since TF has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, additional studies were performed to elucidate the cellular origin of measured TF antigen levels. To this end, platelet- (PMP) and leukocyte-derived microparticles (LMP) were enumerated by flow cytometry in 18 controls and 36 patients using FITC-conjugated antibodies against CD41 for PMP detection and CD11b or CD14 for LMP detection. Background fluorescence was determined by IgG-FITC control antibody. Calibration microspheres were used to gate all FITC+ events according to their size (forward scatter) and to correct for variations in sample flow. Only FITC+ events <1 μm were included in the analysis. The intra- and inter-assay CVs for this methodology were <10%. Controls had TF levels <50 pg/ml, and patients had TF levels of either <50 pg/ml (low-TF, n=18) or >200 pg/ml (high-TF, n=18). Compared to controls, median PMP numbers were increased 2-fold in low-TF (P<0.05) and 5-fold in high-TF patients (P<0.001). PMP numbers but not whole blood platelet counts were significantly different between patient groups (P<0.05). Compared to low-TF patients, high-TF patients also had elevated plasma levels of sP-selectin (37±15 ng/ml vs. 23±7, P<0.01) and sCD40L (361±817 vs. 47±95 pg/ml, P=0.26), two markers of in vivo platelet activation. LMP were barely detectable in controls, and their numbers were only slightly increased in patients, representing not more than 5–10% of PMP counts. Using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded specimens, TF was localized predominantly to tissue macrophages and adventitial fibroblasts but not to tumor cells, showing a similar staining pattern in both patient groups. In summary, laboratory evidence of coagulation and platelet activation is already present in early-stage PC. Although TF has been associated with a poor clinical outcome in various types of malignancy, its plasma antigen levels may not reflect tumor cell TF expression in localized PC.

Cancer Survivor – What Comes Next?

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S251-S252
Author(s):  
M. Alves ◽  
A. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Physical And Mental Health

IntroductionThe number of long term cancer survivors (more than 5 years after diagnosis) are nowadays increasing because of advances in cancer screening, early detection, treatment strategies and management of acute treatment toxicities.ObjectivesWe aim to highlight the long-term psychological responses or late effect of cancer diagnosis and treatment.MethodsNon systematic literature review through the Medline and clinical key databases, with time constraints.ResultsThere are physical and functional difficulties that may not be solved with the conclusion of treatment or can become problematic in survivors of cancer.Long-term refers to psychological or emotional responses that emerge after cancer diagnosis and treatment and persist for at least 5 years. Late effects of cancer refer to psychological or emotional responses that emerge after treatment completion. Risk factors to its development depends on the diagnosis, type of treatment, age at treatment, time since treatment, genetic vulnerability, psychological, social and environmental factors.Specific deficits are more prevalent in survivors than in healthy adults of the same age. Fatigue, sexual dysfunction, cognitive impairment and musculoskeletal symptoms are common. Functional limitations that induce restricted physical and social activities may happen in survivors. Physical function and late complications can be influenced by lifestyle, socio-economic and biologic factors.ConclusionsCancer survivors face short-term and long-term challenges to physical and mental health and they need to be addressed in the active treatment and throughout the continuum of survivorship care. Screening for mental health morbidity should be better integrated into active cancer treatment and survivorship and it should be provided mental health later interventions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Risks of Metastases in Men on Active Surveillance for Early Stage Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 204 (6) ◽  
pp. 1222-1228
Author(s):  
Martina Maggi ◽  
Janet E. Cowan ◽  
Vittorio Fasulo ◽  
Samuel L. Washington ◽  
Peter E. Lonergan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Early Stage

scholarly journals Peculiarities of early diagnosis and tactics of treatment in an acute pancreatitis in pregnant women

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Ya. P. Feleshtynskyi ◽  
О. V. Golyanovskyi ◽  
Т. P. Pavliv
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Standard Methods

Objective. Improvement of the treatment results of an acute pancreatitis in pregnant women, using enhanced early diagnosis and tactics of treatment. Маterials and methods. Analysis of the diagnosis and treatment results was conducted in 123 pregnant women, suffering an acute pancreatitis. In the main group (61 pregnant women) the elaborated algorithm of diagnosis and treatment for an acute pancreatitis in the period 2012 - 2018 yrs was applied, while in a comparison group (62 pregnant women) - the standard methods of diagnosis and treatment in an acute pancreatitis for the period of 2006 - 2012 yrs. Results. In the main group in 100% of the patients an acute pancreatitis was revealed on early stage. This have had guaranteed the effect obtaining from the conservative therapy in 27 (44.3%) pregnant women, using miniinvasive surgical interventions - in 31 (50.8%) and to prevent postoperative lethality. In a comparison group in 26 (41.9%) patients an acute pancreatitis diagnosis was established in (8 ± 2.1) days after the disease beginning. In a comparison group the conservative treatment effect was observed in 21 (33.9%) patients only. Two (3.2%) pregnant women died. Conclusion. Application of the diagnostic-treatment algorithm, comparing with standard methods, permits to diagnose an acute pancreatitis in pregnant women on early stage, to reduce the complications and lethality rate.

Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Bangma ◽  
H. Huland ◽  
F.H. Schr&ouml;der ◽  
P.J. van Cangh
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer
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