scholarly journals Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are Not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Pushpendra Singh ◽  
Pathik Sahoo ◽  
Komal Saxena ◽  
Jhimli Manna ◽  
Kanad Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Time Modulation ◽  
Precise Timing ◽  
Membrane Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Electromagnetic Signals ◽  
Cultured Neuron ◽  
Coaxial Probe

Hodgkin and Huxley showed that even if the filaments are dissolved, a neuron’s membrane alone can generate and transmit the nerve spike. Regulating the time gap between spikes is key to the brain’s cognitive function; however, the time modulation mechanism is still a mystery. By inserting a coaxial probe deep inside a neuron, we repeatedly show that the filaments transmit electromagnetic signals of ~200 μs before an ionic nerve spike sets in. To understand its origin, here, we mapped the electromagnetic vortex produced by a filamentary bundle deep inside a neuron, regulating the nerve spike’s electrical-ionic vortex. We used monochromatic polarized light to measure the transmitted signals beating from the internal components of a cultured neuron. A nerve spike is a 3D ring of the electric field encompassing the perimeter of a neural branch. Several such vortices flow sequentially to keep precise timing for the brain’s cognition. The filaments hold millisecond order time gaps between membrane spikes with microsecond order signaling of electromagnetic vortices. Dielectric resonance images revealed that ordered filaments inside neural branches instruct the ordered grid-like network of actin–beta-spectrin just below the membrane. That layer builds a pair of electric field vortices, which coherently activates all ion-channels in a circular area of the membrane lipid bilayer when a nerve spike propagates. When biomaterials vibrate resonantly with microwave and radio-wave, simultaneous quantum optics capture ultra-fast events in a non-demolition mode, revealing multiple correlated time-domain operations beyond the Hodgkin–Huxley paradigm. Neuron holograms pave the way to understanding the filamentary circuits of a neural network in addition to membrane circuits.

PEMANFAATAN RADIASI ENERGI TEGANGAN 150 KV UNTUK LAMPU LED PENERANGAN JALAN

Jurnal Teknik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauludi Manfaluthy
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Electromagnetic Signals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Low Frequency Waves

WHO (World Health Organization) concludes that not much effect is caused by electric field up to 20 kV / m in humans. WHO standard also mentions that humans will not be affected by the magnetic field under  100 micro tesla and that the electric field will affect the human body with a maximum standard of 5,000 volts per meter. In this study did not discuss about the effect of high voltage radiation SUTT (High Voltage Air Channel) with human health. The research will focus on energy utilization of SUTT radiation. The combination of electric field and magnetic field on SUTT (70-150KV) can generate electromagnetic (EM) and radiation waves, which are expected to be converted to turn on street lights around the location of high voltage areas or into other forms. The design of this prototype works like an antenna in general that captures electromagnetic signals and converts them into AC waves. With a capacitor that can store the potential energy of AC and Schottky diode waves created specifically for low frequency waves, make the current into one direction (DC). From the research results obtained the current generated from the radiation is very small even though the voltage is big enough.Keywords : Radiance Energy, Joule Thief, and  LED Module.

Ferroelastic domains and phase transitions in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Bari ◽  
Alexei A. Bokov ◽  
Zuo-Guang Ye
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Domain Structure ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
External Stress ◽  
Polarized Light Microscopy ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Perovskite ◽  
Ferroelastic Domains

Polarized light microscopy reveals twin domains and symmetry of the phases in CH3NH3PbBr3 crystal; domain structure remains unresponsive to electric field but changes under external stress, confirming ferroelasticity while ruling out ferroelectricity.

scholarly journals PHLIP ARG-Mutant Interactions with the Membrane Lipid Bilayer

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 232a
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Visca ◽  
Oleg A. Andreev ◽  
Yana K. Reshetnyak
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Membrane Lipid Bilayer

Time-Course of Changes in the Plasma–Membrane Lipid Bilayer and Cellular Ultrastructure Induced by Tumour Necrosis Factor-α in K 562 and Daudi Cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Marutaka ◽  
H Iwagaki ◽  
K Mizukawa ◽  
N Tanaka ◽  
K Orita
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Plasma Membrane Lipid ◽  
Membrane Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Cell Membrane Fluidity ◽  
K 562 Cells ◽  
Factor Α

The time-course of changes in the plasma-membrane lipid bilayer induced by tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) were investigated in cultured cells using spin-label electron-spin-resonance techniques. Treatment of K 562 cells, a human chronic myelocytic leukaemia cell line, in suspension culture with TNF for up to 6 h caused an initial increase in cell-membrane fluidity, which returned to the control level after 12 h of treatment. After 24 h of treatment, the cell-membrane fluidity had decreased and this decrease was maintained after 48 h of treatment. In Daudi cells, a human malignant lymphoma cell line, TNF, did not induce any changes in cell-membrane fluidity, indicating that the effect of TNF on membrane structure is cell-specific. The early and transient change in membrane fluidity in K 562 cells is probably related to signal generation, while the later, persistent change may reflect the phenotype of TNF-treated cells, in particular, changes in the plasma membrane-cytoplasmic complex. Histochemical electron microscopic studies indicated that the membrane fluidity changes induced by TNF have an ultrastructural correlate.

Disorders of the red cell membrane

2020 ◽  
pp. 5456-5463
Author(s):  
Patrick G. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Parvovirus B19 Infection

The integrity of the red cell membrane depends on molecular interactions between proteins and the phospholipid membrane: vertical interactions stabilize the membrane lipid bilayer; horizontal interactions provide resistance against shear stress. Hereditary spherocytosis—affects 1 in 25 000 individuals of northern European descent. There is typically a dominant family history, but the condition is genetically heterogeneous: combined spectrin and ankyrin deficiency is the most common defect observed, followed by band 3 deficiency, isolated spectrin deficiency, and protein 4.2 deficiency. These affect vertical membrane interactions with loss of surface area relative to red cell volume. Clinical features—the key clinical manifestations are anaemia and signs of persistent haemolysis, with jaundice and a marked propensity to gallstones. Complications and treatment—parvovirus B19 infection of erythropoietic precursors may cause acute aplastic crises. Megaloblastic anaemia due to folate deficiency occurs in response to increased requirements during growth and pregnancy, but is preventable with supplementation. Splenectomy can alleviate the anaemia in many patients and reduces the risk of gallstones. Hereditary elliptocytosis—occurs with a frequency of 1 in 2000 to 1 in 4000 worldwide, and is more frequent in parts of Africa. The inheritance is usually dominant, with defects in red cell proteins such as α‎- and β‎-spectrin causing disturbances in horizontal interactions in the erythrocyte membrane. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment—most patients are asymptomatic and are typically diagnosed incidentally during testing for unrelated conditions, but about 10% experience haemolysis, anaemia, splenomegaly, and intermittent jaundice. Diagnosis is based on the presence of elliptocytes on a peripheral blood smear. Treatment is rarely required. Other conditions include hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, South-East Asian (or Melanesian) ovalocytosis, stomatocytosis, and acanthocytosis.

scholarly journals Normal electric field enhanced light-induced polarizations and magnetic detection of valley polarization in silicene

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Shahabi ◽  
A. Phirouznia
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Spin Current ◽  
Circularly Polarized Light ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Normal Electric Field ◽  
Valley Polarization ◽  
Population Imbalance ◽  
Magnetic Detection

Abstract The role of staggered potential on light-induced spin and pseudo-spin polarization has been investigated in silicene. It has been shown that non-equilibrium spin and pseudo-spin polarizations are emerged in silicene sheet by applying an external perpendicular electric field in the presence of circularly polarized light emission. This electric field results in pseudo-spin resolved states very close to the Dirac points therefore could be considered as a pseudomagnetic field. It has been shown that staggered potential induced spin-valley locking and pseudo-spin resolved bands are responsible for the enhancement of the spin and pseudo-spin polarizations. Meanwhile, spin-valley locking suggests a coexistence of both spin and valley polarizations with nearly identical (or at least proportional) population imbalance at low Fermi energies which could be employed for magnetic detection of the valley polarization. It has been shown that spin-valley locking results in the protection of the spin polarizations against the relaxations in elastic scattering regime. In addition, the results indicate that the pseudo-spin current can be generated by the circularly polarized light which could be explained by asymmetric light absorption of the states in k-space.

Myelin structure and composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Kirschner ◽  
Jothie Karthigesan ◽  
Oscar A. Bizzozero ◽  
Bela Kosaras ◽  
Hideyo Inouye
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Radial Component ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Myelin Structure ◽  
Pns Myelin ◽  
Membrane Lipid Bilayer ◽  
African Lungfish ◽  
Protopterus Dolloi ◽  
Typical Range

To analyze myelin structure and the composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi), we used a combination of ultrastructural and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy showed typical multilamellar myelin: CNS sheaths abutted one another, and PNS sheaths were separated by endoneurial collagen. The radial component, prominent in CNS myelin of higher vertebrates, was suggested by the pattern of staining but was poorly organized. The lipid and myelin protein compositions of lungfish tissues more closely resembled those of teleost than those of higher vertebrates (frog, mouse). Of particular note, for example, lungfish glycolipids lacked hydroxy fatty acids. Native myelin periodicities from unfixed nerves were in the range of those for higher vertebrates rather than for teleost fish. Lungfish PNS myelin had wider inter-membrane spaces compared with other vertebrates, and lungfish CNS myelin had spaces that were closer in value to those in mammalian than to amphibian or teleost myelins. The membrane lipid bilayer was narrower in lungfish PNS myelin compared to other vertebrates, whereas in the CNS myelin the bilayer was in the typical range. Lungfish PNS myelin showed typical compaction and swelling responses to incubation in acidic or alkaline hypotonic saline. The CNS myelin, by contrast, did not compact in acidic saline but did swell in the alkaline solution. This lability was more similar to that for the higher vertebrates than for teleost.

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