scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Test Input Generation Tools for Android Apps through a Sequence of Events

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1894
Author(s):  
Husam N. Yasin ◽  
Siti Hafizah Ab Hamid ◽  
Raja Jamilah Raja Yusof ◽  
Muzaffar Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Computational Cost ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Code Coverage ◽  
Android Apps ◽  
Gui Testing ◽  
Test Input ◽  
Testing Tools ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Current State ◽  
A Minor

Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing of Android apps has gained considerable interest from the industries and research community due to its excellent capability to verify the operational requirements of GUI components. To date, most of the existing GUI testing tools for Android apps are capable of generating test inputs by using different approaches and improve the Android apps’ code coverage and fault detection performance. Many previous studies have evaluated the code coverage and crash detection performances of GUI testing tools in the literature. However, very few studies have investigated the effectiveness of the test input generation tools, especially in the events sequence length of the overall test coverage and crash detection. The event sequence length generally shows the number of steps required by the test input generation tools to detect a crash. It is critical to highlight its effectiveness due to its significant effects on time, testing effort, and computational cost. Thus, this study evaluated the effectiveness of six test input generation tools for Android apps that support the system events generation on 50 Android apps. The generation tools were evaluated and compared based on the activity coverage, method coverage, and capability in detecting crashes. Through a critical analysis of the results, this study identifies the diversity and similarity of test input generation tools for Android apps to provide a clear picture of the current state of the art. The results revealed that a long events sequence performed better than a shorter events sequence. However, a long events sequence led to a minor positive effect on the coverage and crash detection. Moreover, the study showed that the tools achieved less than 40% of the method coverage and 67% of the activity coverage.

Random GUI Testing of Android Application Using Behavioral Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (09n10) ◽  
pp. 1603-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woramet Muangsiri ◽  
Shingo Takada
Keyword(s):  
Static Analysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Code Coverage ◽  
Gui Testing ◽  
Testing Tools ◽  
Current State ◽  
Android Applications ◽  
Manual Testing

Automated GUI testing based on behavioral model is one of the most efficient testing approaches. By mining user usage, test scenarios can be generated based on statistical models such as Markov chain. However, these works require static analysis before starting the exploration which requires too much prerequisites and time. To address these challenges, we propose a behavioral-based GUI testing approach for mobile applications that achieves faster and higher coverage. The proposed approach does not conduct static analysis. It creates a behavioral model from usage logs by applying a statistical model. The events within the behavioral model are mapped to GUI components in a GUI tree. Finally, it updates the model dynamically to increase the probability of an event that rarely or never occurs when users use the application. The proposed approach was evaluated on four open-source Android applications, and compared with the state-of-the-art tools and manual testing. The main evaluation criteria are code coverage and ability to find errors. The proposed approach performed better than the current state-of-the-art automated testing tools in most aspects.

scholarly journals A Review of Algorithms and Hardware Implementations for Spiking Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Duy-Anh Nguyen ◽  
Xuan-Tu Tran ◽  
Francesca Iacopi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Training Algorithms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Hardware Implementations ◽  
Neuromorphic Hardware ◽  
High Level ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Hardware Platforms

Deep Learning (DL) has contributed to the success of many applications in recent years. The applications range from simple ones such as recognizing tiny images or simple speech patterns to ones with a high level of complexity such as playing the game of Go. However, this superior performance comes at a high computational cost, which made porting DL applications to conventional hardware platforms a challenging task. Many approaches have been investigated, and Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is one of the promising candidates. SNN is the third generation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), where each neuron in the network uses discrete spikes to communicate in an event-based manner. SNNs have the potential advantage of achieving better energy efficiency than their ANN counterparts. While generally there will be a loss of accuracy on SNN models, new algorithms have helped to close the accuracy gap. For hardware implementations, SNNs have attracted much attention in the neuromorphic hardware research community. In this work, we review the basic background of SNNs, the current state and challenges of the training algorithms for SNNs and the current implementations of SNNs on various hardware platforms.

scholarly journals Prion Protein Folding Mechanism Revealed by Pulling Force Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Kriegler ◽  
Sven Lang ◽  
Luigi Notari ◽  
Tara Hessa
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Nascent Chain ◽  
Mature Domain ◽  
Pulling Force ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe mammalian prion protein (PrP) engages with the ribosome-Sec61 translocation channel complex to generate different topological variants that are either physiological, or involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe cotranslational folding and translocation mechanisms of PrP coupled to a Xbp1-based arrest peptide (AP) as folding sensor, to measure forces acting on PrP nascent chain. Our data reveal two main pulling events followed by a minor third one exerted on the nascent chains during their translocation.Using those force landscapes, we show that a specific sequence within an intrinsically disordered region, containing a polybasic and glycine-proline rich residues, modulates the second pulling event by interacting with TRAP complex. This work also delineates the sequence of events involved in generation of PrP toxic transmembrane topologies during its synthesis. Our results shed new insight into the folding of such topological complex protein, where marginal pulling by the signal sequence, together with the downstream sequence in the mature domain, primarily drives an overall inefficient translocation resulting in the nascent chain to adopt other topologies.

Updating of Dynamic Finite Element Models Based on Experimental Receptances and the Reduced Analytical Dynamic Stiffness Matrix

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Lammens ◽  
Marc Brughmans ◽  
Jan Leuridan ◽  
Ward Heylen ◽  
Paul Sas
Keyword(s):  
Stiffness Matrix ◽  
Model Updating ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Reduction Scheme ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness Matrix ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Analytical Dynamic

Abstract This paper presents a model updating method based on experimental receptances. The presented method minimises the so called ‘indirect receptance difference’. First, the reduced analytical dynamic stiffness matrix is expressed as an approximate, linearised function of the updating parameters. In a numerically stable, iterative procedure, this reduced analytical dynamic stiffness matrix is changed in such a way that the analytical receptances match the experimental receptances at the updating frequencies. The updating frequencies are a set of selected frequency points in the frequency range of interest. Some considerations about an optimal selection of the updating frequencies are given. Finally, a mixed static-dynamic reduction scheme is discussed. Dynamic reduction of the analytical dynamic stiffness matrix at each updating frequency is physically exact, but it involves a great computational effort. The presented mixed static-dynamic reduction scheme is a simple strategy to reduce the computational cost with a minor loss of accuracy.

scholarly journals The formation of the Voldum salt pillow in the Danish Zechstein basin, Jutland (Denmark)

1999 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Ivan Madirazza
Keyword(s):  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Permian Basin ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Thick Overburden ◽  
Well Data ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Zechstein Salt

On the basis of seismic and well data, supported by Bouguer gravity data, the sequence of events leading to the formation of a Zechstein salt pillow – called Voldum – in east central Jutland is discussed (the study area is delimited in Fig. 1). The initial salt movements, activated by faulting in the Triassic, resulted in the formation of a minor salt pillow on the edge of a graben within the Zechstein (Upper Permian) basin. During a renewed faulting (Voldum fault) of the base Zechstein in Late Jurassic and consequent deepening of the graben, a syncline developed above the salt where thick sediments of Late Jurassic age accumulated. In the process large quantities of salt, due to differential loading, withdrew from the graben and moved laterally up-dip across the older fault scarps. Thus a new and larger salt accumulation (Voldum pillow) formed above the southern flank of the graben. A relict Triassic thin, formed during the growth of the first pillow, remains, but no salt accumulation which could account for this thin is present. The Voldum pillow continued to grow during the Cretaceous and the Tertiary, but the speed of growth decreased considerably during post-Late Cretaceous times, although there are still large quantities of, virtually undisturbed, salt present south of the pillow in the part of the basin corresponding to the Silkeborg Gravity High. The graben area apparently underwent a mild inversion at the close of the Cretaceous. The reasons why the Voldum pillow did not develop into a diapir are considered to be a strong and thick overburden which existed at the beginning of the Voldum pillow formation, the deeply buried salt which probably acted as a deterrent to the rupture of the overburden, and the nature of the Voldum fault which, apparently, had an appreciable strike-slip component in dextral sense.

scholarly journals Riot and revenge

2017 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Kenta McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Structural Equilibrium ◽  
A Minor

Abe Forsythe's Down Under (2016) is the first narrative feature film about the Cronulla riots, the infamous event on 11 December 2005 where over 5000 white Australians, responding to a minor local incident, descended on Cronulla Beach in Sydney and proceeded to harass, chase and bash anybody who they perceived to be of Middle Eastern appearance. In the following nights, a series of violent retaliatory attacks took place, as community leaders called for calm. Suvendrini Perera identifies how a symmetrical narrative had emerged in the wake of the riot and its aftermath, whereby Cronulla Beach "comes to stand for a paired sequence of events, the riot and the revenge, in a fable of equivalence in which two misguided groups . . . mirror each other's ignorance and prejudices". This article considers how Down Under reinforces the distortive implications of this "riot and revenge" narrative by maintaining a structural equilibrium, through the rigorous balancing of its narrative and characters, and formally, via its soundtrack, cinematography and editing patterns. In so doing, and despite its antiracist sentiments, the film ultimately dilutes the issue of race and obscures the power imbalances that informed the riot, and which continue to this day

scholarly journals Be Yourself and Behave Appropriately: Exploring Associations Between Incongruent Personality States and Positive Affect, Tiredness, and Cognitive Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kritzler ◽  
Maike Luhmann
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Current State ◽  
A Minor

Personality traits describe how people typically think, feel, and behave, and personality states describe how people think, feel, and behave in a given moment. In their daily lives, people often behave the way they typically do (they enact trait-congruent personality states), but occasionally behave differently from how they typically do (trait-incongruent personality states). Several theories propose that such incongruent personality states should be associated with undesirable outcomes such as less positive affect or more tiredness, but the current state of evidence is inconclusive and mostly based on one only personality dimension: extraversion. In this study, we contribute to filling important gaps in the literature by examining congruence of personality dimensions other than extraversion, considering characteristics of the situation, and modeling congruence with state-of-the-art response surface analyses. We aimed to manipulate perceived adversity and deception of the situation as well as state honesty-humility and state agreeableness in a prisoner’s dilemma paradigm. However, the manipulations had unexpected effects and were therefore considered unsuccessful. The study thus emphasized the difficulty of manipulating personality states, situation characteristics, and congruence in general. In pre-registered cross-sectional response surface analyses and specification curve analyses, we then examined how trait–state congruence and state–situation congruence were associated with cognitive performance in a numerical Stroop task, positive affect, and tiredness. Neither trait–state congruence nor state–situation congruence were associated with positive affect, tiredness, or cognitive performance. Overall, we therefore concluded that congruence may—if at all—only play a minor role in the associations between personality states and relevant outcomes.

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