scholarly journals The Use of a Hidden Mixture Transition Distribution Model in Clustering Few but Long Continuous Sequences: An Illustration with Cognitive Skills Data

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1618
Author(s):  
Zhivko Taushanov ◽  
Paolo Ghisletta
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Growth Mixture Model ◽  
Growth Mixture ◽  
Clustering Model ◽  
Transition Distribution ◽  
Change Function ◽  
The Individual

In accordance with the theme of this special issue, we present a model that indirectly discovers symmetries and asymmetries between past and present assessments within continuous sequences. More specifically, we present an alternative use of a latent variable version of the Mixture Transition Distribution (MTD) model, which allows for clustering of continuous longitudinal data, called the Hidden MTD (HMTD) model. We compare the HMTD and its clustering performance to the popular Growth Mixture Model (GMM), as well as to the recently introduced GMM based on individual case residuals (ICR-GMM). The GMM and the ICR-GMM contrast with HMTD, because they are based on an explicit change function describing the individual sequences on the dependent variable (here, we implement a non-linear exponential change function). This paper has three objectives. First, it introduces the HMTD. Second, we present the GMM and the ICR-GMM and compare them to the HMTD. Finally, we apply the three models and comment on how the conclusions differ depending on the clustering model, when using a specific dataset in psychology, which is characterized by a small number of sequences (n = 102), but that are relatively long (for the domains of psychology and social sciences: t = 20). We use data from a learning experiment, in which healthy adults (19–80 years old) were asked to perform a perceptual–motor skills over 20 trials.

Shoulder Pain at Work: Causation Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Joel Weddington ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Mark Melhorn ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Causation Analysis ◽  
Injury Causation ◽  
Relevant Factors

Abstract In most cases of shoulder injury at work, causation analysis is not clear-cut and requires detailed, thoughtful, and time-consuming causation analysis; traditionally, physicians have approached this in a cursory manner, often presenting their findings as an opinion. An established method of causation analysis using six steps is outlined in the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Guidelines and in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, Second Edition, as follows: 1) collect evidence of disease; 2) collect epidemiological data; 3) collect evidence of exposure; 4) collect other relevant factors; 5) evaluate the validity of the evidence; and 6) write a report with evaluation and conclusions. Evaluators also should recognize that thresholds for causation vary by state and are based on specific statutes or case law. Three cases illustrate evidence-based causation analysis using the six steps and illustrate how examiners can form well-founded opinions about whether a given condition is work related, nonoccupational, or some combination of these. An evaluator's causal conclusions should be rational, should be consistent with the facts of the individual case and medical literature, and should cite pertinent references. The opinion should be stated “to a reasonable degree of medical probability,” on a “more-probable-than-not” basis, or using a suitable phrase that meets the legal threshold in the applicable jurisdiction.

Executive Functions and Metacognitive Monitoring Are Not Interchangeable in Educational Settings: Their Shared and Unique Contribution to Academic Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina PY Lai ◽  
Michelle Renee Ellefson ◽  
Claire Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Metacognitive Monitoring ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

Executive functions and metacognition are two cognitive predictors with well-established connections to academic performance. Despite sharing several theoretical characteristics, their overlap or independence concerning multiple academic outcomes remain under-researched. To address this gap, the present study applies a latent-variable approach to test a novel theoretical model that delineates the structural link between executive functions, metacognition, and academic outcomes. In whole-class sessions, 469 children aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.93; SD = 0.92) completed four computerized executive function tasks (inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning), a self-reported metacognitive monitoring questionnaire, and three standardized tests of academic ability. The results suggest that executive functions and metacognitive monitoring are not interchangeable in the educational context and that they have both shared and unique contributions to diverse academic outcomes. The findings are important for elucidating the role between two domain-general cognitive skills (executive functions and metacognition) and domain-specific academic skills.

Inhibition tasks are not associated with self-regulation outcomes in healthy college students

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis David Von Gunten ◽  
Bruce D Bartholow ◽  
Jorge S. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Variable Level ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Individual

Executive functioning (EF) is defined as a set of top-down processes used in reasoning, forming goals, planning, concentrating, and inhibition. It is widely believed that these processes are critical to self-regulation and, therefore, that performance on behavioral task measures of EF should be associated with individual differences in everyday life outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to test this core assumption, focusing on the EF facet of inhibition. A sample of 463 undergraduates completed five laboratory inhibition tasks, along with three self-report measures of self-control and 28 self-report measures of life outcomes. Results showed that although most of the life outcome measures were associated with self-reported self-control, none of the life outcomes were associated with inhibition task performance at the latent-variable level, and few associations were found at the individual task level. These findings challenge the criterion validity of lab-based inhibition tasks. More generally, when considered alongside the known lack of convergent validity between inhibition tasks and self-report measures of self-control, the findings cast doubt on the task’s construct validity as measures of self-control processes. Potential methodological and theoretical reasons for the poor performance of laboratory-based inhibition tasks are discussed.

Factors of Piecewise Growth Mixture Model: Distance and Pattern

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan LIU ◽  
Fang LUO ◽  
Hongyun LIU
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Model ◽  
Growth Mixture Model ◽  
Growth Mixture

scholarly journals Adult Children’s Support and Trajectory of Depressive Symptoms Among Disabled Chinese Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 751-751
Author(s):  
Jianyun Wang ◽  
Renyao Zhong ◽  
Yaolin Pei ◽  
Bei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Instrumental Support ◽  
Growth Mixture Model ◽  
Chinese Older Adults ◽  
Growth Mixture

Abstract This study aimed to examine the trajectory of depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults with disabilities and the role of adult children’s support in predicting trajectory classes of depressive symptoms. Data were drawn from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2015). The sample included 1420 disabled older adults age 60+ at the baseline and completed all three waves of the data. Growth mixture model shows two-class depressive symptoms trajectories: the higher risk group (25.49%) and the lower risk group (74.51%). Logistic regression results showed that respondents who received a longer term of adult children’s instrumental support were more likely to be classified in a higher risk group after controlling the covariates (OR=1.184, p<0.05), while financial support and the frequency of contacts were not associated with the increased level of depressive symptoms. The policy implications were also discussed in this study.

Judicial Lawmaking, Discourse Theory, and the ICTY on Belligerent Reprisals

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1261-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Kuhli ◽  
Klaus Günther
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Normative Expectations ◽  
Judicial Lawmaking ◽  
The Individual

Without presenting a full definition, it can be said that the notion of judicial lawmaking implies the idea that courts create normative expectations beyond the individual case. That is, our question is whether courts' normative declarations have an effect which is abstract and general. Our purpose here is to ask about judicial lawmaking in this sense with respect to international criminal courts and tribunals. In particular, we will focus on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). No other international criminal court or tribunal has issued so many judgments as the ICTY, so it seems a particularly useful focus for examining the creation of normative expectations.

Assessing the validity of NART-estimated premorbid IQs in the individual case

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crawford ◽  
K. M. Allan ◽  
R. H. B. Cochrane ◽  
D. M. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Individual Case ◽  
The Individual

Changing Beliefs About Emotions in IBS: A Single Case Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317
Author(s):  
H.M. Bowers ◽  
A.L. Wroe
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Single Case Design ◽  
Emotional Suppression ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Beliefs About Emotions

Background: Previous research suggests benefits of targeting beliefs about the unacceptability of emotions in treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aims: The current study developed and tested an intervention focusing on beliefs and behaviours around emotional expression. Method: Four participants with IBS attended five group sessions using cognitive behavioural techniques focusing on beliefs about the unacceptability of expressing emotions. Bi-weekly questionnaires were completed and a group interview was conducted. This study used an AB design with four participants. Results: Averages indicate that participants showed decreases in beliefs about unacceptability of emotions and emotional suppression during the intervention, although this was not reflected in any of the individual trends in Beliefs about Emotions Scale scores and was significant in only one individual case for Courtauld Emotional Control Scale scores. Affective distress and quality of life improved during follow-up, with only one participant not improving with regard to distress. Qualitative data suggest that participants felt that the intervention was beneficial, referencing the value in sharing their emotions. Conclusions: This study suggests the potential for beliefs about emotions and emotional suppression to be addressed in cognitive behavioural interventions in IBS. That beliefs and behaviours improved before outcomes suggests they may be important processes to investigate in treatment for IBS.

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