scholarly journals Fluctuating Asymmetry, Developmental Noise and Developmental Stability: Future Prospects for the Population Developmental Biology Approach

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Zakharov ◽  
Elena G. Shadrina ◽  
Ilya E. Trofimov
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Developmental Noise

Developmental noise—which level may vary within a certain backlash allowed by natural selection—is a reflection of the state of a developing system or developmental stability. Phenotypic variations inside the genetically determined norm observed in case of fluctuating asymmetry provide a unique opportunity for evaluating this form of ontogenetic variability. Low levels of developmental noise for the biologic system under study is observed under certain conditions, while its increase acts as a measure of stress. The concordance of changes in developmental stability with changes in other parameters of developmental homeostasis indicates the significance of fluctuating asymmetry estimates. All this determines the future prospects of the study of fluctuating asymmetry not only for developmental biology, but also for population biology. The study of developmental stability may act as the basis of an approach of population developmental biology to assess the nature of the phenotypic diversity and the state of natural populations under various impacts and during evolutionary transformations.

scholarly journals Cyclin G and the Polycomb Repressive Complexes PRC1 and PR-DUB cooperate for developmental stability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Dardalhon-Cuménal ◽  
Jérôme Deraze ◽  
Camille A Dupont ◽  
Valérie Ribeiro ◽  
Anne Coléno-Costes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Chromatin Regulators ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Wing Imaginal Discs ◽  
Cyclin G ◽  
Developmental Noise ◽  
Polycomb Repressive Complexes

AbstractIn Drosophila, ubiquitous expression of a short Cyclin G isoform generates extreme developmental noise estimated by fluctuating asymmetry (FA), providing a model to tackle developmental stability. This transcriptional cyclin interacts with chromatin regulators of the Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) and Polycomb families. We investigate here the importance of these interactions in developmental stability. Deregulation of Cyclin G highlights an organ intrinsic control of developmental noise, linked to the ETP-interacting domain, and enhanced by mutations in genes encoding members of the Polycomb Repressive complexes PRC1 and PR-DUB. Deep-sequencing of wing imaginal discs deregulating CycG reveals that high developmental noise correlates with up-regulation of genes involved in translation and down-regulation of genes involved in energy production. Most Cyclin G direct transcriptional targets are also direct targets of PRC1, ASX and RNAPolII in the developing wing. Altogether, our results suggest that Cyclin G, PRC1 and PR-DUB cooperate for developmental stability.

scholarly journals Reproduction in Trypanosomatids: Past and Present

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Camino Gutiérrez-Corbo ◽  
Bárbara Domínguez-Asenjo ◽  
María Martínez-Valladares ◽  
Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo ◽  
Carlos García-Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Genomic Recombination ◽  
The Impact

Diseases caused by trypanosomatids (Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis) are a serious public health concern in low-income endemic countries. These diseases are produced by single-celled parasites with a diploid genome (although aneuploidy is frequent) organized in pairs of non-condensable chromosomes. To explain the way they reproduce through the analysis of natural populations, the theory of strict clonal propagation of these microorganisms was taken as a rule at the beginning of the studies, since it partially justified their genomic stability. However, numerous experimental works provide evidence of sexual reproduction, thus explaining certain naturally occurring events that link the number of meiosis per mitosis and the frequency of mating. Recent techniques have demonstrated genetic exchange between individuals of the same species under laboratory conditions, as well as the expression of meiosis specific genes. The current debate focuses on the frequency of genomic recombination events and its impact on the natural parasite population structure. This paper reviews the results and techniques used to demonstrate the existence of sex in trypanosomatids, the inheritance of kinetoplast DNA (maxi- and minicircles), the impact of genetic exchange in these parasites, and how it can contribute to the phenotypic diversity of natural populations.

scholarly journals Nature, Nurture, and Noise: Developmental Instability, Fluctuating Asymmetry, and the Causes of Phenotypic Variation

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
John H. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Developmental Instability ◽  
Nonlinear Feedback ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Sewall Wright ◽  
Developmental Noise ◽  
And Behavior

Phenotypic variation arises from genetic and environmental variation, as well as random aspects of development. The genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) components of this variation have been appreciated since at least 1900. The random developmental component (noise) has taken longer for quantitative geneticists to appreciate. Here, I sketch the historical development of the concepts of random developmental noise and developmental instability, and its quantification via fluctuating asymmetry. The unsung pioneers in this story are Hugo DeVries (fluctuating variation, 1909), C. H. Danforth (random variation between monozygotic twins, 1919), and Sewall Wright (random developmental variation in piebald guinea pigs, 1920). The first pioneering study of fluctuating asymmetry, by Sumner and Huestis in 1921, is seldom mentioned, possibly because it failed to connect the observed random asymmetry with random developmental variation. This early work was then synthesized by Boris Astaurov in 1930 and Wilhelm Ludwig in 1932, and then popularized by Drosophila geneticists beginning with Kenneth Mather in 1953. Population phenogeneticists are still trying to understand the origins and behavior of random developmental variation. Some of the developmental noise represents true stochastic behavior of molecules and cells, while some represents deterministic chaos, nonlinear feedback, and symmetry breaking.

scholarly journals Voting Rights for Non-Citizens: The European Multilevel and the US Federal Constitutional Systems Compared

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Fabbrini
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Comparative Methodology ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
Regulatory Models

Voting rights – Citizens and aliens – European multilevel architecture – US federal system – Comparative methodology – Different regulatory models for non-citizens suffrage at the state level in Europe – Impact of supranational law – Challenges and tensions – Analogous dynamics in the US constitutional experience – Recent European legal and jurisprudential developments in comparative perspective – What future prospects for citizenship and democracy in Europe?

Genomic and phenotypic diversity for adaption to future climate in natural populations of perennial ryegrass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Blanco-Pastor ◽  
Thomas Keep ◽  
Philippe Barre ◽  
Abraham Escobar-Gutiérrez ◽  
Evelin Willner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Future Climate

scholarly journals Changes in the Fluctuating Asymmetry of the Leaf and Reproductive Capacity of Betula pendula Roth Reflect Pessimization of Anthropogenically Transformed Environment

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1970
Author(s):  
Nina Turmukhametova ◽  
Elena Shadrina
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Zero Capacity

We have estimated the reproductive capacity of Betulapendula Roth and its relationship with an integrated measure of developmental stability, i.e., fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of the leaf. On the territory of a city with moderate anthropogenic pollution, a change has been detected in the integrated fluctuating asymmetry (IFA) of the morphology of the female reproductive sphere and reproductive capacity of Betula pendula. In conditions of anthropogenic stress, the birch is observed to produce a large yield of fruits annually, which is not subject to year-to-year fluctuations. Morphological variety of size and shape of fruit-producing organs increases along the gradient of industrial and transport pollution; part of morphotypes of infructescences and seeds is characterized by lowered or zero capacity for reproduction determined by seed quality (germination energy and germination capacity). The statistical data processing involved correlation, Shapiro–Wilk test, Levene’s test, factorial ANOVA, Scheffe test, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Mann–Whitney test, χ2 method. Analysis of IFA has allowed us to reasonably well assess the state of the plant organism and to characterize environmental quality. A negative correlation between IFA and quantitative parameters of the functions of the reproductive sphere of B. pendula (infructescence diameter, seed quality) has been found, and positive correlation with qualitative parameters (the number of morphs of infructescences and seeds, the share of rare morphs of infructescences). Pessimization of urban environment creates the conditions for an increase in the share of defective infructescences and non-germinating seeds; a compensatory mechanism for this is an increase in reproductive effort of B. pendula. The consistency of responses in the vegetative and reproductive spheres reflects the disturbances in developmental stability of plants in urban communities.

scholarly journals Dr Oris Sanjur

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Aránzazu Berbey Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
The State ◽  
State University ◽  
Postdoctoral Fellow ◽  
Research Assistant ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The University ◽  
Undergraduate Thesis ◽  
Associate Director

Dr. Sanjur’s relationship with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute spans three decades.    In 1989, she was a research assistant for two years working on her undergraduate thesis project. After earning a B.S. in Biology from the University of Panama, she completed a PhD in Cell and Developmental Biology at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.  She returned to STRI as a postdoctoral fellow in 1998, studying the relationships between wild and domesticated crops such as squash and pumpkin.    She then spent ten years as manager and researcher of the Molecular Evolution laboratory, after which she took on her most recent role as Associate Director for Science Administration at STRI. In this position, she became responsible for maintaining high standards of scientific operational support for the Institute’s research programs throughout a decade.

scholarly journals Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the Australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A McKenzie ◽  
G M Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Australian Sheep ◽  
Chromosome Iii

Abstract Genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of resistance to the insecticide diazinon in Lucilia cuprina initially produced an increase in asymmetry. At that time resistant flies were presumed to be at a selective disadvantage in the absence of diazinon. Subsequent evolution in natural populations selected modifiers to ameliorate these effects. The fitness and fluctuating asymmetry levels of resistant flies are currently similar to those of susceptibles. Previous genetic analyses have shown the fitness modifier to co-segregate with the region of chromosome III marked by the white eyes, w, locus, unlinked to the diazinon resistance locus, Rop-1, on chromosome IV. This study maps the asymmetry modifier to the same region, shows, as in the case of the fitness modifier, its effect to be dominant and presents data consistent with the fitness/asymmetry modifier being the same gene (gene complex). These results suggest changes in fluctuating asymmetry reflect changes in fitness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document