scholarly journals Review and Comparison of Emerging Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Sang ◽  
Honghai Wu ◽  
Ling Xing ◽  
Ping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Hoc Networks

With the development of Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) communication, Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET) has become a hot research area in recent years, which is widely used in civil and military fields due to its unique advantages. FANET is a special kind of networks which are composed of UAV nodes, and can be used to implement data transfer in certain unique scenarios. To achieve reliable and robust communication among UAVs, a routing algorithm is the key factor and should be designed elaborately. Because of its importance and usefulness, this topic has attracted many researchers, and various routing protocols have also been put forward to improve the quality of data transmission in FANETs. Thus, in this paper, we give a survey on the state-of-the-art of routing protocols proposed in recent years. First, an in-depth research of the routing in FANETs recently has been brought out by absolutely differentiating them based on their routing mechanism. Then, we give a comparative analysis of each protocol based on their characteristics and service quality indicators. Finally, we propose some unsolved problems and future research directions for FANET routing.

scholarly journals A Novel Routing Protocol for Realistic Traffic Network Scenarios in VANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Gagan Deep Singh ◽  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Hammam Alshazly ◽  
Sahar Ahmed Idris ◽  
Madhushi Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Traffic Network ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Routing Performance ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Hoc Networks

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has traditional routing protocols that evolved from mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). The standard routing protocols of VANET are geocast, topology, broadcast, geographic, and cluster-based routing protocols. They have their limitations and are not suitable for all types of VANET traffic scenarios. Hence, metaheuristics algorithms like evolutionary, trajectory, nature-inspired, and ancient-inspired algorithms can be integrated with standard routing algorithms of VANET to achieve optimized routing performance results in desired VANET traffic scenarios. This paper proposes integrating genetic algorithm (GA) in ant colony optimization (ACO) technique (GAACO) for an optimized routing algorithm in three different realistic VANET network traffic scenarios. The paper compares the traditional VANET routing algorithm along with the metaheuristics approaches and also discusses the VANET simulation scenario for experimental purposes. The implementation of the proposed approach is tested on the open-source network and traffic simulation tools to verify the results. The three different traffic scenarios were deployed on Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and tested using NS3.2. After comparing them, the results were satisfactory and it is found that the GAACO algorithm has performed better in all three different traffic scenarios. The realistic traffic network scenarios are taken from Dehradun City with four performance metric parameters including the average throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and packet loss in a network. The experimental results conclude that the proposed GAACO algorithm outperforms particle swarm intelligence (PSO), ACO, and Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) routing protocols with an average significant value of 1.55%, 1.45%, and 1.23% in three different VANET network scenarios.

Overview of Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm and QOS Components in MANETS

2012 ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Jahangir Khan ◽  
Abou Bakar Nauman
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Multicast Communication ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Hoc Networks

TORA is a highly adaptive routing protocol that provides loop free routing of data packets in ad hoc network at every instant. Each node of network has the capability to contain information about its local topology changes and regular coordination with their neighbour nodes in order to detect partitions occurs in network. In Ad-Hoc networks, multicast communication is not ideal due to the frequent nodes mobility and failures. Such problems in transmission of data become reasons for increased delays and decreased throughput, and also sudden changes in delay, traffic, and link breakage occur due to nodes mobility. The network parameters like network size, number of nodes, number of hops per route, traffic patterns (bits/packets), link capacity, mobility trajectory, and frequency of sleeping nodes do have great results on the performance of routing protocols in the mobile ad hoc networks. TORA has three basic route functions: establishment, maintenance, and erasing. In TORA routing protocol, each node has capable to contain a structure of network describing node’s height and status of all connected links. The importance of these heights in TORA routing protocol are that a node in network may only forward data packets downstream instead of upstream. TORA are more appropriate for QOS in ad hoc networks with a higher mobility and data transfer rate.

Review on Opportunistic Routing Protocols for Dynamic Ad hoc Networks: Taxonomy, Applications and Future Research Directions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun G. Menon
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Hoc Networks

Opportunistic routing uses the broadcasting nature of the wireless medium to increase the number of potential forwarding nodes in the network. This, in turn improves the delivery rate and reliability of data transmission in the network. Compared to all previous classes of protocols, opportunistic routing offers numerous advantages which is exploited by the latest applications for efficient communication and resource sharing in dynamic ad hoc networks. The objective of this research work is to review and classify all the major opportunistic routing protocols proposed for dynamic ad hoc networks. Further the issues and challenges with each of these existing protocol is discussed and future research directions are put forward.

Study on Power-Aware Routing Mechanism in MANET

2012 ◽  
Vol 263-266 ◽  
pp. 1100-1104
Author(s):  
Rong Xin Li ◽  
Chao Mei Zheng ◽  
Ling Chai
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is a group of mobile wireless nodes which communicate without any fixed networking infrastructure. The nodes in an ad hoc mobile network are typically powered by batteries with a limited energy supply. For MANETs, One of the most important and challenging issues is how to conserve energy, maximizing the network lifetime.Since routing is an essential function in these networks, developing power-aware routing protocols has been an intensive research area in recent years. As a result, many power-aware routing protocols have been proposed from a variety of perspectives. In this article,we propose and analyse the model of power consumption in ad hoc network, present different power-aware metrics base on power consumption and survey some power-aware routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks.

scholarly journals Analytical Simulations for Proactive, Reactive and Position based Routing Protocols using OMNeT++ via INet Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 383-387
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad-hoc networks VANETs has become one of the great research topics related to automotive industry, as they are the suitable way to describe the real scenarios of the car movement through our daily life. Routing protocols used in the network description of a vehicular ad-hoc network are to balance between the responsiveness of the network to the rapid change of the topology and bandwidth efficiency. Different approaches for routing protocols are introduced to address the routing strategies to be followed in the constructed vehicular ad-hoc network considering its perspective of the routing algorithm to be followed. Each approach is consists of different routing protocols that inherits the main theme of the parent approach. Evaluating the measurements for each approach is very important for the developer of the network through network simulation prior to the expensive direct implementation of the vehicular ad-hoc networks. In this paper, we will discuss three main routing approaches: reactive, proactive and position based routing protocols, discussing the main theme for each approach followed by analytical simulations for three different protocols representing the three approaches. Ad-hoc on demand vector AODV representing the reactive approach, destination-sequenced distance vector DSDV representing the proactive approach and greedy perimeter stateless routing GPSR representing the position based approach.

scholarly journals Topology-Based Routing Protocols and Mobility Models for Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A Contemporary Review and Future Research Directions

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ali H. Wheeb ◽  
Rosdiadee Nordin ◽  
Asma’ Abu Samah ◽  
Mohammed H. Alsharif ◽  
Muhammad Asghar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Hoc Networks

Telecommunications among unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged recently due to rapid improvements in wireless technology, low-cost equipment, advancement in networking communication techniques, and demand from various industries that seek to leverage aerial data to improve their business and operations. As such, UAVs have started to become extremely prevalent for a variety of civilian, commercial, and military uses over the past few years. UAVs form a flying ad hoc network (FANET) as they communicate and collaborate wirelessly. FANETs may be utilized to quickly complete complex operations. FANETs are frequently deployed in three dimensions, with a mobility model determined by the work they are to do, and hence differ between vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of features and attributes. Furthermore, different flight constraints and the high dynamic topology of FANETs make the design of routing protocols difficult. This paper presents a comprehensive review covering the UAV network, the several communication links, the routing protocols, the mobility models, the important research issues, and simulation software dedicated to FANETs. A topology-based routing protocol specialized to FANETs is discussed in-depth, with detailed categorization, descriptions, and qualitatively compared analyses. In addition, the paper demonstrates open research topics and future challenge issues that need to be resolved by the researchers, before UAVs communications are expected to become a reality and practical in the industry.

scholarly journals Study the effect of sound encodings on AD-HOC networks using TORA routing protocol and VOIP application: دراسة تأثير ترميزات الصوت على شبكات AD-HOCباستخدام بروتوكول التوجيه TORA وتطبيق VOIP

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleiman Zidan Aldarf, Jamal Al-yassin
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are used for data transfer. The nodes of such networks do not require presetting. They are characterized by dynamic data transfer during their movement of the nodes.  Routing protocols of mobile ad-hoc networks differ from the existing internet protocols which are designed for the fixed structure based wireless networks. MANET protocols have to face high challenges due to dynamically changing of topologies, low transmission power and asymmetric links. Due to link instability, node mobility and frequently changing topologies routing becomes one of the core issues in MANETs. Currently existent routing protocols provide routing solutions up to a certain level and most of them are designed and implemented in small areas. Many researchers are still working on the developments of MANET routing protocols. This research study effect of some voice codecs on ad-hoc networks using the (TORA routing protocol) and by running the VOIP application on a network randomized scenario. This effect will be compared through several performance parameters for the network used. The Network Simulation Program (OPNET), which is the first program in the area of telecommunications networks in general, is used to provide accurate results for studies in the field of networks.  

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Survey on Opportunistic Routing Protocols for MANETs: Issues, Challenges and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun G Menon
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Hoc Networks

Opportunistic routing is the latest technique that uses the broadcasting nature of the wireless medium to increase the number of potential forwarding nodes in the network. This, in turn improves the delivery rate and reliability of data transmission in the network. Compared to all previous classes of routing protocols, opportunistic routing offers numerous advantages which is exploited by the latest applications for efficient communication and resource sharing in dynamic ad hoc networks. These applications provide dynamic communication in disaster recovery environments. The objective of this research work is to review and classify all the major opportunistic routing protocols proposed for dynamic ad hoc networks. Further the issues and challenges with each of these existing protocol is discussed and future research directions are put forward

scholarly journals A novel simulation of bellman-dymo protocol in vanet’s ad-hoc network

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.3) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
L Pavithra ◽  
V Sivakumar ◽  
S Anuja
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET’s) is the recent technology to facilitate the study of simulators. The mobility model and physical layer are the issues in the simulator which impact the output greatly. The simulations of the routing algorithm in the VANET’s are still the major problem. The comparison between the routing protocols is addressed by only some few works. In order to overcome these issues and problems we made a comparison between the hybrids, reactive, geographic routing and pro-active routing protocols by using a simulation platform by integrating the mobility and the physical layer models. It also performs a comparison between the multi-path routing protocols with Ad-hoc network which allows adapting the faster performance. By using the BDYMO protocol in the VANET communication, the overhead in the network is minimized and the performance is improved.  

A secure and energy efficient ant routing algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-336
Author(s):  
Niranjan Panda ◽  
Pankajini Panda
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Cryptographic Primitives ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), setting up an ideal and proficient route linking the conveying bodies is the essential objective of the routing protocols. But any assault during the routing stage may upset the communication, paralyzing the whole network. So, providing security in routing for a protected communication between nodes has become a prime concern. In the present study, we propose a Secure Energy Efficient Ant Routing Algorithm (SEEARA) based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and cryptographic primitives that exercises on power control and secure routing between a pair of network nodes and increases the performance and longevity of the network. Also, it can be realized during simulation studies that SEEARA shows a better solution in comparison with the previously proposed routing protocols.

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