scholarly journals Possible Physical Basis of Mirror Symmetry Effect in Racemic Mixtures of Enantiomers: From Wallach’s Rule, Nonlinear Effects, B–Z DNA Transition, and Similar Phenomena to Mirror Symmetry Effects of Chiral Objects

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerii A. Pavlov ◽  
Yaroslav V. Shushenachev ◽  
Sergey G. Zlotin
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Racemic Mixtures ◽  
Z Dna ◽  
Symmetry Effect

Effects associated with mirror symmetry may be underlying for a number of phenomena in chemistry and physics. Increase in the density and melting point of the 50%L/50%D collection of enantiomers of a different sign (Wallach’s rule) is probably based on a physical effect of the mirror image. The catalytic activity of metal complexes with racemic ligands differs from the corresponding complexes with enantiomers as well (nonlinear effect). A similar difference in the physical properties of enantiomers and racemate underlies L/D inversion points of linear helical macromolecules, helical nanocrystals of magnetite and boron nitride etc., B–Z DNA transition and phenomenon of mirror neurons may have a similar nature. Here we propose an explanation of the Wallach effect along with some similar chemical, physical, and biological phenomena related to mirror image.

New Aspect of Chirality or Mirror Symmetry Effect in Organic Chemistry, Physics, and Two-Component Biostructures

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerii A. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Racemic Mixture ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Asymmetric Catalytic ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Symmetry Effect

: The difference in the physical properties of a racemic mixture and enantiomers indicates that the two-component structure of a racemate can acquire new properties compared to pure enantiomers as components. The spectrum of the differences includes the melting point temperatures, density, weight, catalytic activity, and other properties. Such a two-component system of chiral compounds is analyzed in the context of chemistry, biology, and physics. The study covers asymmetric catalytic reactions, chiral macromolecular compounds structure, chiral trajectories of micro- and macro-objects, biological structures, as well as chiral objects, including mirror neurons, twins, flora-fauna biostructure, etc. The comparative analysis reveals a perfectly different time dependence of all the listed chiral processes.

scholarly journals Questions of Mirror Symmetry at the Photoexcited and Ground States of Non-Rigid Luminophores Raised by Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: Part 1. Oligofluorenes, Oligophenylenes, Binaphthyls and Fused Aromatics

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiya Fujiki ◽  
Julian Koe ◽  
Takashi Mori ◽  
Yoshihiro Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Circularly Polarized Luminescence ◽  
Polarized Luminescence ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

We report experimental tests of whether non-rigid, π-conjugated luminophores in the photoexcited (S1) and ground (S0) states dissolved in achiral liquids are mirror symmetrical by means of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Herein, we chose ten oligofluorenes, eleven linear/cyclic oligo-p-arylenes, three binaphthyls and five fused aromatics, substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl and phenylethynyl groups and also with no substituents. Without exception, all these non-rigid luminophores showed negative-sign CPL signals in the UV-visible region, suggesting temporal generation of energetically non-equivalent non-mirror image structures as far-from equilibrium open-flow systems at the S1 state. For comparison, unsubstituted naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene and pyrene, which are achiral, rigid, planar luminophores, did not obviously show CPL/CD signals. However, camphor, which is a rigid chiral luminophore, showed mirror-image CPL/CD signals. The dissymmetry ratio of CPL (glum) for the oligofluorenes increased discontinuously, ranging from ≈ −(0.2 to 2.0) × 10−3, when the viscosity of the liquids increased. When the fluorene ring number increased, the glum value extrapolated at [η] = 0 reached −0.8 × 10−3 at 420 nm, leading to (–)-CPL signals predicted in the vacuum state. Our comprehensive CPL and CD study should provide a possible answer to the molecular parity violation hypothesis arising due to the weak neutral current mediated by the Z0-boson.

scholarly journals Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Supplement 1

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Number System ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Decimal Number

Searching for the answer to the question why – in the generating of the genetic code – only mirror symmetrical left and not right amino acids (AAs) were selected, in a previous work we showed the existence of a double Boolean "triangle" in mirror symmetry, with superposition of the top vertices: 00 -11-22 / 22-11-00 → 00-11-22-11-00 [0 as 000; 1 as 001; 2 as 010] (Rakočević, 2019a). The resulting sequence, summed with the binary sequence of a 6-bit binary tree, split with a mirror in the middle (101/010) [as in Dirac's positron / electron mirror], results in a sequence of decimal number system: 02-13-24-16-05, where a smaller number (010 = 2) was added three times and a larger number (101 = 5) twice (Survey 1). The mirror image of the obtained decimal sequence (20-31-42-61-50) is 100% consistent with the arrangement of protein AAs, arranged according to strict chemical similarity (Rakočević, 2019a, Table 3). Starting from this result, the paper of which this is a supplement, presents new insights and new examples of mirror symmetry valid for the genetic code, showing that mirror symmetry is also in other respects an essential feature of the genetic code. In this Supplement are given the further new insights.

scholarly journals Сhiral and Racemic Fields Concept for Understanding of the Homochirality Origin, Asymmetric Catalysis, Chiral Superstructure Formation from Achiral Molecules, and B-Z DNA Conformational Transition

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerii A. Pavlov ◽  
Yaroslav V. Shushenachev ◽  
Sergey G. Zlotin
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Asymmetric Catalysis ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Conformational Transition ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Primary Origin ◽  
Z Dna ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dna Helix

The four most important and well-studied phenomena of mirror symmetry breaking of molecules were analyzed for the first time in terms of available common features and regularities. Mirror symmetry breaking of the primary origin of biological homochirality requires the involvement of an external chiral inductor (environmental chirality). All reviewed mirror symmetry breaking phenomena were considered from that standpoint. A concept of chiral and racemic fields was highly helpful in this analysis. A chiral gravitational field in combination with a static magnetic field (Earth’s environmental conditions) may be regarded as a hypothetical long-term chiral inductor. Experimental evidences suggest a possible effect of the environmental chiral inductor as a chiral trigger on the mirror symmetry breaking effect. Also, this effect explains a conformational transition of the right-handed double DNA helix to the left-handed double DNA helix (B-Z DNA transition) as possible DNA damage.

ON PARITY CONSERVATION AND THE QUESTION OF THE 'MISSING' (RIGHT-HANDED) NEUTRINO

1993 ◽  
Vol 08 (11) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. BARUT ◽  
G. ZIINO
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Dirac Field ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Neutrino Field ◽  
Parity Conservation ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Right

The neutrino problem is set anew in the light of a reformulation of the Dirac field theory that provides a natural account for the effect commonly interpreted as 'P-violation', and restores P-mirror symmetry. A two-component (left-handed) neutrino field is automatically derived, whose P-mirror image does not correspond to a 'missing' particle but is the (right-handed) antineutrino field.

scholarly journals Questions of Mirror Symmetry at the Photoexcited and Ground States of Non-Rigid Luminophores Raised by Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Part 2: Perylenes, BODIPYs, Molecular Scintillators, Coumarins, Rhodamine B, and DCM

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Michiya Fujiki ◽  
Julian R. Koe ◽  
Seiko Amazumi
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Circularly Polarized Luminescence ◽  
Polarized Luminescence ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

We investigated whether semi-rigid and non-rigid π-conjugated fluorophores in the photoexcited (S1) and ground (S0) states exhibited mirror symmetry by circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy using a range of compounds dissolved in achiral liquids. The fluorophores tested were six perylenes, six scintillators, 11 coumarins, two pyrromethene difluoroborates (BODIPYs), rhodamine B (RhB), and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM). All the fluorophores showed negative-sign CPL signals in the ultraviolet (UV)–visible region, suggesting energetically non-equivalent and non-mirror image structures in the S1 state. The dissymmetry ratio of the CPL (glum) increased discontinuously from approximately −0.2 × 10−3 to −2.0 × 10−3, as the viscosity of the liquids increased. Among these liquids, C2-symmetrical stilbene 420 showed glum ≈ −0.5 × 10−3 at 408 nm in H2O and D2O, while, in a viscous alkanediol, the signal was amplified to glum ≈ −2.0 × 10−3. Moreover, BODIPYs, RhB, and DCM in the S0 states revealed weak (−)-sign CD signals with dissymmetry ratios (gabs) ≈ −1.4 × 10−5 at λmax/λext. The origin of the (−)-sign CPL and the (−)-sign CD signals may arise from an electroweak charge at the polyatomic level. Our CPL and CD spectral analysis could be a possible answer to the molecular parity violation hypothesis based on a weak neutral current of Z0 boson origin that could connect to the origin of biomolecular handedness.

scholarly journals Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Supplement 2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Code ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Prebiotic Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chemical Code

In this (second) Supplement are given the further new insights on mirror symmetry within Genetic Code (GC). The main result is the correspondence of the binary tree of GC and the Standard GC Table in such a way that it follows that it makes no sense to talk about the evolution of GC from the aspect of test tube chemistry (of performing chemical reactions in nature and/or laboratory), but only makes sense to talk about prebiotic chemical evolution of GC in a manner analogous to the evolution of the chemical code i.e. Periodic system of chemical elements. Taken together, an even more important conclusion is that all the physical and chemical laws we know represent immediate causality, while in the case of GC on the scene is an indirect causality, realized through multiple mirror symmetry.

scholarly journals Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Part I

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloje M. Rakočević
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Chemical Similarity ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Image Part

The paper starts from the established facts about a system consisting of 20 protein amino acids (AAs), arranged according to a hierarchy of chemical similarity (Rakočević, 2019). There, it was shown that the number of atoms in the side chains of AAs given in the arrangement of 5 x 4 is such that it represents a mirror image in a specific way generated sequence of numbers: 02, 13, 24, 16, 05 (20, 31, 42, 61, 50 ). Further in the paper new insights have been preseted to show that mirror symmetry is in many respects an essential feature of the genetic code.

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of internal interfaces in layered materials

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
Yoichi Ishida ◽  
Hideki Ichinose ◽  
Yutaka Takahashi ◽  
Jin-yeh Wang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Layered Materials ◽  
Plane Boundary ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Layer Plane ◽  
High Tc ◽  
Cubic Metals

Layered materials draw attention in recent years in response to the world-wide drive to discover new functional materials. High-Tc superconducting oxide is one example. Internal interfaces in such layered materials differ significantly from those of cubic metals. They are often parallel to the layer of the neighboring crystals in sintered samples(layer plane boundary), while periodically ordered interfaces with the two neighboring crystals in mirror symmetry to each other are relatively rare. Consequently, the atomistic features of the interface differ significantly from those of cubic metals. In this paper grain boundaries in sintered high-Tc superconducting oxides, joined interfaces between engineering ceramics with metals, and polytype interfaces in vapor-deposited bicrystal are examined to collect atomic information of the interfaces in layered materials. The analysis proved that they are not neccessarily more complicated than that of simple grain boundaries in cubic metals. The interfaces are majorly layer plane type which is parallel to the compound layer. Secondly, chemical information is often available, which helps the interpretation of the interface atomic structure.

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