scholarly journals Relativistic Gravitation Based on Symmetry

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaakov Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Static Field ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Static Case ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Retarded Time ◽  
Sungrazing Comets ◽  
D Model ◽  
Gravitation Model ◽  
Relativistic Gravitation

We present a Relativistic Newtonian Dynamics ( R N D ) for motion of objects in a gravitational field generated by a moving source. As in General Relativity ( G R ), we assume that objects move by a geodesic with respect to some metric, which is defined by the field. This metric is defined on flat lab spacetime and is derived using only symmetry, the fact that the field propagates with the speed of light, and the Newtonian limit. For a field of a single source, the influenced direction of the field at spacetime point x is defined as the direction from x to the to the position of the source at the retarded time. The metric depends only on this direction and the strength of the field at x. We show that for a static source, the R N D metric is of the same form as the Whitehead metric, and the Schwarzschild metric in Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates. Motion predicted under this model passes all classical tests of G R . Moreover, in this model, the total time for a round trip of light is as predicted by G R , but velocities of light and object and time dilation differ from the G R predictions. For example, light rays propagating toward the massive object do not slow down. The new time dilation prediction could be observed by measuring the relativistic redshift for stars near a black hole and for sungrazing comets. Terrestrial experiments to test speed of light predictions and the relativistic redshift are proposed. The R N D model is similar to Whitehead’s gravitation model for a static field, but its proposed extension to the non-static case is different. This extension uses a complex four-potential description of fields propagating with the speed of light.

Energy and Momentum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Wittman
Keyword(s):  
Time Dilation ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Massless Particles ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Low Speeds ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
Deep Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Momentum Relation

Tis chapter explains the famous equation E = mc2 as part of a wider relationship between energy, mass, and momentum. We start by defning energy and momentum in the everyday sense. We then build on the stretching‐triangle picture of spacetime vectors developed in Chapter 11 to see how energy, mass, and momentum have a deep relationship that is not obvious at everyday low speeds. When momentum is zero (a mass is at rest) this energy‐momentum relation simplifes to E = mc2, which implies that mass at rest quietly stores tremendous amounts of energy. Te energymomentum relation also implies that traveling near the speed of light (e.g., to take advantage of time dilation for interstellar journeys) will require tremendous amounts of energy. Finally, we look at the simplifed form of the energy‐momentum relation when the mass is zero. Tis gives us insight into the behavior of massless particles such as the photon.

Why the Sagnac effect favors absolute over relative simultaneity

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Spavieri ◽  
Espen Gaarder Haug
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Relativistic Effects ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
Sagnac Effect ◽  
Closed Path ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
The One ◽  
Absolute Synchronization

We consider a thought experiment, equivalent to the Sagnac effect, where a light signal performs a round trip over a closed path. If special relativity (SR) adopts Einstein synchronization, the result of the experiment shows that the local light speed cannot be c in every section of the closed path. No inconsistencies are found when adopting absolute synchronization. Since Einstein and absolute synchronizations can be discriminated, the conventionality of the one-way speed of light holds no longer. Thus, as sustained by specialists, it might be a viable formulation of SR that reinstates the conservation of simultaneity, even though it allows for relativistic effects, such as time dilation. Such an approach may lead to the discovery of new effects and a better understanding of relativistic theories.

scholarly journals Dilation of Time Dilation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Wajda
Keyword(s):  
Light Pulse ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Constant Time ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Interference Fringes ◽  
Fundamental Error ◽  
Transportation Speed

The study addresses the issue of the so-called time dilation in the sense of the origin of its creation and the physical existence.Based on the work of Lorentz, who the lack of displacement of interference fringes in the Michelson interferometer explained wrongly with, shortening one arm of the interferometer, I propose the construction of the light pulse clock, in which to measure the rate of the passage of time is used constancy speed of light in vacuum.Light clock, the construction of which is described in the paper, stationary in relation to the ether, will measure constant time intervals. The same clock transported, will slow down the pace of his walk as a function of transportation speed v and that is a novelty, will slow depending on its orientation relative to the direction of motion. Light clock transported transversely with respect to the stationary clock will slow gamma times, transported lengthwise will slow gamma to the second power.Basing on the obtained dependences I maintain that time dilation defined in the theory of relativity (SR) as the slowing of the lapse of time, does not physically exist and identification the varying pace of walk clock with the pace of lapse of time I consider a fundamental error resulting from the postulates of this theory.

scholarly journals Measuring Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5296-5302
Author(s):  
Sydney Baldwin Self
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Stationary Point ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Lagrange Point ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Universe

The speed of light is an absolute, the measurement of the speed of light is not an absolute. According to Special Relativity, the rate at which a clock ticks is a function of the speed at which it is travelling through space; the faster the speed, the slower the rate. This is called time dilation. Time dilation is a function of the speed of an object through space. The faster an object is travelling the greater the time dilation. Because of time dilation, we are unable to measure the absolute speed of an object through space. We do not actually measure time. Instead we have instruments which measure the physical characteristics of instruments which are affected by time.  We then interpret these physical characteristics and this interpretation becomes our measurement of time. Our body is one of the instruments we use to measure time, but we also use various clocks. Time is not a characteristic of the universe; it is a construct which can be defined to have any value we choose. If we could establish a stationary point in space, it would be possible to: measure the absolute speed of light. measure the absolute speed through space of any moving object. establish a clock for absolute time. It might be theoretically possible to establish such a point, as follows: Assume a space station, located at a Lagrange point. Modify the speed of the space station through space for the x, y and z axes to maximize the speed of light. The location of the space station when the speed of light was maximized would be at a stationary point in space.

scholarly journals Testing Relativistic Time Dilation beyond the Weak-Field Post-Newtonian Approximation

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Yaakov Friedman ◽  
Esra Yudkin
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Power Series Expansion ◽  
Weak Field ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Eccentric Orbits ◽  
Newtonian Approximation ◽  
Relativistic Time

In General Relativity, the gravitational field of a spherically symmetric non-rotating body is described by the Schwarzschild metric. This metric is invariant under time reversal, which implies that the power series expansion of the time dilation contains only even powers of v / c . The weak-field post-Newtonian approximation defines the relativistic time dilation of order ϵ (or of order ( v / c ) 2 ) of the small parameter. The next non-zero term of the time dilation is expected to be of order ϵ 2 , which is impossible to measure with current technology. The new model presented here, called Relativistic Newtonian Dynamics, describes the field with respect to the coordinate system of a far-removed observer. The resulting metric preserves the symmetries of the problem and satisfies Einstein’s field equations, but predicts an additional term of order ϵ 3 / 2 for the time dilation. This term will cause an additional periodic time delay for clocks in eccentric orbits. The analysis of the gravitational redshift data from the Galileo satellites in eccentric orbits indicates that, by performing an improved satellite mission, it would be possible to test this additional time delay. This would reveal which of the coordinate systems and which of the above metrics are real. In addition to the increase of accuracy of the time dilation predictions, such an experiment could determine whether the metric of a spherically symmetric body is time reversible and whether the speed of light propagating toward the gravitating body is the same as the speed propagating away from it. More accurate time dilation and one-way speed of light formulas are important for astronomical research and for global positioning systems.

scholarly journals The one-way speed of light and the Milne universe

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraint F. Lewis ◽  
Luke A. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Special Theory ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Minkowski Space Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
Friedmann Robertson Walker ◽  
Clock Synchronisation

Abstract In Einstein’s special theory of relativity, all observers measure the speed of light, c, to be the same. However, this refers to the round-trip speed, where a clock at the origin times the outward and return trip of light reflecting off a distant mirror. Measuring the one-way speed of light is fraught with issues of clock synchronisation, and, as long as the average speed of light remains c, the speeds on the outward and return legs could be different. One objection to this anisotropic speed of light is that views of the distant universe would be different in different directions, especially with regard to the ages of observed objects and the smoothness of the Cosmic Microwave Background. In this paper, we explore this in the Milne universe, the limiting case of a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe containing no matter, radiation, or dark energy. Given that this universe is empty, it can be mapped onto flat Minkowski space-time and so can be explored in terms of the one-way speed of light. The conclusion is that the presence of an anisotropic speed of light leads to anisotropic time dilation effects, and hence observers in the Milne universe would be presented with an isotropic view of the distant cosmos.

scholarly journals The Law of Conservation of Time and Its Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninh Khac Son
Keyword(s):  
Time Dilation ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
New Method ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
The Law ◽  
Shift Effect ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Morley Experiment ◽  
Mathematics And Physics

Time is a complex category not only in philosophy but also in mathematics and physics. In one thought about time, the author accidentally discovered a new way to explain and solve problems related to time dilation, such as solving the problem of Muon particle when moving from a height of 10 km to the earth’s surface, while the Muon’s lifespan is only 2.2 microseconds, or explaining Michelson-Morley experiment using the new method. In addition, the author also prove that the speed of light in vacuum is the maximum speed in the universe, and discovered the red shift effect while there is no increase in distance between objects. To do this, the author has built two axioms based on the discontinuity in the motion of the object and draw two consequences along with the law of conservation of time.

Effect of conservation of spatial volume on momentum, time, and speed of light

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith W. Moored
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Magnetic Permeability ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
High State ◽  
Electric Permittivity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
Spatial Volume ◽  
Inertial Time

This essay considers that free-space appears to be composed of an energy field with characteristics of an elastic medium evenly dispersed across the Cosmos in an optimal high state of entropy. This spatial energy field or SEF has properties that may explain inertia and gravity. Linear and angular momentum appear to emerge from these properties. SEF is stretched and compressed in the presence of mass. In addition, compression of space by high inertial events slows the flow of time, similar to gravitational time dilation. This is presented as a new concept and called inertial time dilation. Also, it is proposed that the speed of light c is an intrinsic self-imposed limit due to characteristics of space (SEF) as exemplified by the physical constants ε o and μ o representing electric permittivity and magnetic permeability.

scholarly journals What is time dilation and why we can't travel at more than that of c and also can't go in past.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarvesh Gharat
Keyword(s):  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Different Types

In this article we are going to see what exactly is time dilation, different types of time dilations like gravitational time dilation and velocity time dilation and the most important thing that we need to see is why we can't travel at the speed of light. With this we will also see that even though we travel at speeds comparable to c still why our relative velocity won't cross the speed of light.

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