scholarly journals Sectoral Regional Growth and Convergence in Ecuador: An Analysis of the Intra-Distributive Dynamics of Productivity

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Quintana-Romero ◽  
Ronny Correa-Quezada ◽  
Marlon Ramón-Mendieta ◽  
José Álvarez-García
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
Secondary Sector ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Sector Returns

The objective of this research is to examine growth and convergence processes in the provinces of Ecuador, considering sectoral productivity as an analysis variable. To do so, evidence of the productivity of the agricultural, secondary and service sectors is presented, and by applying the non-parametric method of density functions of the kernel, the complete distribution of the data is analyzed. The results obtained indicate that territorial inequality in Ecuador has very different behavior depending on the sectors of the economy. It is noted that inequality in terms of productivity is very high in the agricultural sector, it is at an average level in the secondary sector, and is less intense in the service sector. In the long-term, the overall balance is that sectoral inequality decreased among Ecuadorian provinces. However, there are two processes differentiated in time; in the first phase, inequality decreases more rapidly and in the second phase, it even increases in some sectors, as in the case of secondary sector returns.

scholarly journals Application of the Kernel Density Function for the Analysis of Regional Growth and Convergence in the Service Sector through Productivity

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1234
Author(s):  
Ronny Correa-Quezada ◽  
Lucía Cueva-Rodríguez ◽  
José Álvarez-García ◽  
María de la Cruz del Río-Rama
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Distribution Dynamics ◽  
Mathematical Economics ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Productivity Variable

The aim of this research work is to analyze growth and convergence processes in the service sector and its large groups, market, and non-market services, at the regional level in Ecuador by taking the labor productivity variable as a reference. The methodology used is an analysis of distributive dynamics of the data, applying the non-parametric method of Kernel density functions from a mathematical economics approach. The results obtained show that the service sector has non-alarming levels of inequality, its trend over time is increasing. When disaggregating the data, it was observed that non-market services show a rapid growth in inequality. In contrast, market services show greater stability during the period analyzed. Regarding intra-distribution dynamics for the service sector and its subsectors, in the long term, poor regions improve, while rich regions deteriorate. However, deterioration of advanced regions is less intense in non-market services.

scholarly journals Sectoral Analysis of Employment Intensity of Growth in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasaki Dauda ◽  
Omowumi Ajeigbe
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Sectoral Analysis ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
World Development

This study assessed employment intensity of growth (EIG) in the agriculture, industry and service sectors in Nigeria from 1991 to 2019 within the context of Okun’s theory/law. Data from the 2020 World Development Indicators were employed for analysis, using elasticity procedure after decomposing the scope into different periods and regimes. The findings showed negative EIG in the agriculture and industrial sectors while the service sector returned positive EIG. Therefore, government should invest significantly in the service sector while the agricultural sector should be mechanized to boost output and supply of raw materials to industries to enhance employment generation.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Trend of Global Inequality: Analyzing the Impacts of Economic Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ma ◽  
Victor Jing Li ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Delin Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
The South ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
The North ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Service Sectors

The aim of this study is to examine the evolution of inequality by focusing on the impacts of the economic structure. The technique of decomposition by income sources is employed to evaluate the contribution of the three major sectors, namely the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors to overall inequality. The data cover almost all the countries in the world from 2001 to 2017 for a total of 18 years. There are four stages of analysis in this study. The first stage of study is to provide an overall view of the evolutionary trend of global inequality, the second stage focuses on the North-South divide, the third stage determines the impacts of income groups, and the fourth stage investigates the impacts for each region. There are several salient findings: First, global inequality had declined in the study period. Second, the service sector is identified as the largest contributor to global inequality, followed by the industrial sector, while the contribution of the agricultural sector is negligible. For the North-South divide, disparity in the service sector was more marked in the North than in the South. The industrial sector played a major role in the South and contributed more than 40% to overall inequality. For the comparison amongst the income groups, our findings show that the higher the income, the higher the percentage contribution of the service sector (except for the low-income group). Finally, for the comparison across regions, although the contribution of the agricultural sector in most regions are below 1.5%; however, the contribution of the agricultural sector in both Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is more than 8%. It implies that a lot of people in these regions still rely on the agricultural sector for a living, and the development in the industrial and service sectors in these two regions lagged behind those of the other regions. Our analysis show that the evolution pattern is very different for each region, therefore, it is necessary to take the effects of income and geographical location into consideration in formulating development policies.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESEMPATAN KERJA DI PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2A) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Muchlis ., Suratinoyo ◽  
Oktavianus ., Porajouw ◽  
Martha M. Sendow
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Secondary Sector

This study aims to describe the development of employment and analyze changes in the structure of employment by employment and employment status in North Sulawesi Province. This study uses secondary data of Population Census, National Labor Force Survey, and North Sulawesi in Figures 2010 and 2015. Data analysis using simple calculation method, that is data according to employment and job status calculated percentage then displayed in table and graph form to explain about changes of labor structure in North Sulawesi Province. The results showed that employment opportunities according to employment in North Sulawesi Province dominated by three sectors, namely the agricultural sector, service sector, and trade sector. Sectors in the secondary sector are low in providing employment opportunities in North Sulawesi. If employment is simplified into three sectors, namely primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, then the largest employment opportunities are in the tertiary sector (trade, transportation, finance, services), then primary (agriculture), and the lowest in the secondary sector (mining , industry, electricity and buildings). Based on employment status, the highest percentage is to work as a worker/employee/employee with an increasing tendency. However, when grouped into formal and informal sectors, the highest employment opportunity is in the informal sector. Based on the result of the research, it is concluded that job opportunity of agriculture sector still dominates employment in North Sulawesi. The role of agriculture/primary sector in providing job opportunities decreased; on the contrary the service sector/tertiary role was increasing. Employment opportunities by employment status in North Sulawesi, the highest percentage is employed as laborers/employees/employees. The role of the formal sector in providing employment increases, while the informal sector is declining.

scholarly journals Structural Change and Income Inequality – Agricultural Development and Inter-sectoral Dualism in the Developing World, 1960-2010

OASIS ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Andersson ◽  
Andrés F. Palacio Chaverra
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Sectoral Composition

Structural change consists of the long-term changes in the sectoral composition of output and employment. We introduce a structural change perspective to the study of income inequality in 27 countries of the developing world for the period 1960-2010. The service sector has become the main employer, but the agricultural sector is central to the income distribution because poverty is mostly rural, and the labor surplus is high. We decompose the sectoral composition of aggregate labor productivity at the country level, divide the countries into agrarian, dual (beginner, intermediate and advanced), and mature economies and use the inter-sectoral productivity gap to test the effect of structural change on income inequality. We confirm increases in agricultural productivity everywhere and find that the inter-sectoral gap is positively associated with income inequality. The effect is negligible in agrarian and advanced economies but powerful in dual beginner economies: an increase of 1% in the inter-sectoral gap increases income inequality by 0.5%. The effect peters out in dual intermediate economies and disappears completely in dual advanced economies. Finally, redistribution has been the key to compensating the losers in the income changes, particularly for those entering the non-agricultural economy.

scholarly journals Knowledge Infrastructure, Service Sector, And Economic Growth In Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amon O. Okpala
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Low Levels

Economic theory and studies have theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that countries which remain underdeveloped have consistently low levels of human capital, and a large agricultural sector. Of equal importance are the roles of the information technology and service sectors in improving economic growth and stability. This paper examined the extent to which non-industrial factors, such as information technology, knowledge infrastructure, and the service sectors activities helped contribute to the economy of African nations. The results from the analysis of 38 African nations indicate the information infrastructure for index public expenditures on education and personal computers per 1,000 capita contributed significantly to economic productivity.

scholarly journals SEKTOR PERTANIAN DALAM DINAMIKA TRANSFORMASI STRUKTURAL DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Axellina Muara Setyanti
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Service Sectors

<p><em>Indonesia is a country that has relied on the agricultural sector as an economic base for decades. On the other hand, the more developed an economy is, the higher the reserves in the service sector. Despite this declining GDP, agriculture is still very important to the Indonesian economy, even though it is 14 percent of GDP. This study analyzes structural transformation through shift-share analysis. It looks at the tendency of labor to enter the agricultural, manufacturing and service sectors using probit regression on Sakernas microdata. This study found that the service sector continues to grow and outperforms the agricultural sector both in terms of added value and employment. The results of the shift-share show shrinkage in the productivity of agricultural sector while the manufacturing and service sectors are growing. This fact proves a change in economic structure. The characteristics of the agricultural sector labor force have a higher tendency for male workers, live in rural areas, are relatively older and have fewer family members, are less educated, do not have training certification, and have no previous work experience.</em></p><p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">service sector, agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, probit, structural transformation</span></em></p>

scholarly journals Contributing Factors and Trends in the Usage of IT Outsourcing in Manufacturing and Service Sectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Vipin K Agrawal ◽  
Vijay K Agrawal ◽  
Ngan N Chau ◽  
Sherri Harms
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
It Outsourcing ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
System Life

The study projects long-term trends in the IT outsourcing in the manufacturing and service sectors of the United States. The findings suggest that the respondents perceive that there is approximately an equal usage of IT outsourcing in each of manufacturing and service sectors. Furthermore, the Desired Characteristics of Outsourcing – enabler of organisational flexibility, dynamics, and adaptability, redirection of resources, and increased control of operating costs – are positively related to the change in the requirement of IT outsourcing in the case of manufacturing. Meanwhile for the service sector, the Administrative Motivation for Outsourcing – lack of expertise, promising service offerings to subscribe, shrinkage in system life cycle – are positively associated with growth/no-growth in IT outsourcing.

Microstructural characterization of a rapidly solidified Al-Fe-V-Si alloy for elevated temperature applications

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
R. E. Franck ◽  
J. A. Hawk ◽  
G. J. Shiflet
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Microstructural Stability ◽  
Elevated Temperature Strength ◽  
Temperature Applications

Rapid solidification processing (RSP) is one method of producing high strength aluminum alloys for elevated temperature applications. Allied-Signal, Inc. has produced an Al-12.4 Fe-1.2 V-2.3 Si (composition in wt pct) alloy which possesses good microstructural stability up to 425°C. This alloy contains a high volume fraction (37 v/o) of fine nearly spherical, α-Al12(Fe, V)3Si dispersoids. The improved elevated temperature strength and stability of this alloy is due to the slower dispersoid coarsening rate of the silicide particles. Additionally, the high v/o of second phase particles should inhibit recrystallization and grain growth, and thus reduce any loss in strength due to long term, high temperature annealing.The focus of this research is to investigate microstructural changes induced by long term, high temperature static annealing heat-treatments. Annealing treatments for up to 1000 hours were carried out on this alloy at 500°C, 550°C and 600°C. Particle coarsening and/or recrystallization and grain growth would be accelerated in these temperature regimes.

The Service Sector in the Economy in Poland and European Union Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-207
Author(s):  
Walentyna Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Gross Value Added ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Sector Theory ◽  
The Eu

The role of the service sector in the economy is increasing in the process of socio-economic development. This tendency has been confirmed and explained by the three-sector theory formulated by A.G.B. Fisher, C. Clark, and J. Fourastie. The main goal of the paper is to show development tendencies in service sectors in Poland and the EU countries and assess them in view of the three-sector theory. The share of the service sector in the total employment and in the total gross value added in the years 2005-2013/2014 will be analysed together with two sub-sectors including market and non-market services. The research shows that the share of the service sector in total employment and total gross value added has been recently increasing in Poland as well as in other EU countries, but there is a gap in this process between Poland and the most developed EU countries. Moreover, in Poland, the role of market services has been recently increasing much faster than the role of non-market services. 

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