scholarly journals A Description of Three-Dimensional Shape of the Posterior Torso Comparing Those with and without Scoliosis

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Gardner ◽  
Fiona Berryman ◽  
Paul Pynsent
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
3D Elements ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Scoliosis results in a 3D asymmetry of the spine and torso. It is not clear what the variability in 3D shape is in a non-scoliotic population, how much that is altered by scoliosis and what surgery does to that. This study is a 3D analysis of the shape of the torso in a cohort of non-scoliotic children that is then compared with a cohort of those with scoliosis both pre- and post-operatively. Procrustes analysis is used to examine the mean 3D shape. There is variability in shape in the non-scoliotic cohort. Scoliosis increases this asymmetry, particularly around the most prominent areas of the torso. Surgery alters the torso asymmetry but increases the difference in height between the right and the left with regard to the most prominent points on the torso. There is a degree of asymmetry seen in a non-scoliotic cohort of children. Scoliosis increases that asymmetry. Surgery alters the asymmetry but causes an increase in some of the 3D elements of the most prominent areas of the torso.

scholarly journals Comparison of elegance of Japanese and European jackets

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
KyoungOk Kim ◽  
Asako Nozawa ◽  
Masayuki Takatera
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting the impression of elegance of a jacket’s appearance. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey on the impression of jacket appearance was conducted using images of jackets of Japanese and European brands. A paired comparison and sensory test were carried out for four Japanese and European jackets. To explain different jacket appearances, the jacket patterns and silhouettes were investigated from an engineering point of view. Findings – Most Japanese subjects responded that European jackets in images were more elegant and characteristic of European style. In a comparison of jacket silhouettes, Jacket 1 (European brand) was evaluated as the most elegant. The waist and bust parts of Jacket 1 had three-dimensional shape whereas the Japanese jackets had planar and rectilinear shapes. This was due to the difference in the waist darts and curved lines in the patterns. Jacket appearance in terms of elegance is thus mainly affected by the waist and bust shapes, which are affected by darts and lines in the patterns. Originality/value – This is pioneering research on the elegance of garment appearance from an engineering point of view, using actual clothing. The comparison results for commercial jackets will be valuable to the apparel industry.

scholarly journals Pulmonary acini exhibit complex changes during postnatal rat lung development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haberthür ◽  
Eveline Yao ◽  
Sébastien F. Barré ◽  
Tiziana P. Cremona ◽  
Stefan A. Tschanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
Voxel Size ◽  
Synchrotron Facility ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Swiss Light Source ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

AbstractPulmonary acini represent the functional gas-exchanging units of the lung. Due to technical limitations, individual acini cannot be identified on microscopic lung sections. To overcome these limitations, we imaged the right lower lobes of instillation-fixed rat lungs from postnatal days P4, P10, P21, and P60 at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source synchrotron facility at a voxel size of l.48μm. Individual acini were segmented from the three-dimensional data by closing the airways at the transition from conducting to gas exchanging airways. For a subset of acini (N=268), we followed the acinar development by stereologically assessing their volume and their number of alveoli. We found that the mean volume of the acini increases 23 times during the observed timeframe. The coefficients of variation dropped from 1.26 to 0.49 and the difference between the mean volumes of the fraction of the 20 % smallest to the 20 % largest acini decreased from a factor of 27.26 (day 4) to a factor of 4.07 (day 60), i.e. shows a smaller dispersion at later time points. The acinar volumes show a very large variation early in lung development and homogenize during maturation of the lung by reducing their size distribution by a factor of 7 until adulthood. The homogenization of the acinar sizes hints at an optimization of the gas-exchange region in the lungs of adult animals and that acini of different size are not evenly distributed in the lungs. This likely leads to more homogeneous ventilation at later stages in lung development.

Three-dimensional shape measurement based on binary fringe conventional projection

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (14) ◽  
pp. 4073-4083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangkai Fu ◽  
Yiping Cao ◽  
Yapin Wang ◽  
Yingying Wan ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Measurement ◽  
Measured Object ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Phase Measuring Profilometry ◽  
3D Shape Measurement ◽  
Large Step ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape ◽  
Error Suppression

A three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement method based on binary fringe conventional projection is proposed. In traditional 3D shape measurement methods based on binary fringe projection, the binary fringe is used as an approximate sinusoidal fringe by defocusing projection or even directly used as an approximate sinusoidal fringe by nonlinear error suppression feature of large-step phase measuring profilometry (PMP). In the proposed method (Prop), neither defocusing projection is needed nor large-step PMP must be used. When the binary fringe is conventionally projected on the measured object, just by filtering operation in spatial frequency domain from the captured deformed pattern, the nearly unbroken sinusoidal deformed pattern can be extracted efficiently. While N ( N≥3) frames binary fringes with 1/ N period misalignment between each adjacent fringe are conventionally projected onto the measured object sequentially, the corresponding nearly unbroken N-step sinusoidal deformed patterns extracted from the N frames captured deformed patterns can be used to reconstruct the 3D shape of the measured object with N-step PMP algorithm. The experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the Prop. It is more flexible for its optional fringe period and optional phase-shifting steps. It has potential application in the real-time 3D shape measurement.

The Drawing Analysis of the Three-Dimensional Shape Domain

2011 ◽  
Vol 467-469 ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
Zhi Tang ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Function Space ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Interaction Space ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Through the research of the visualization of the human-based three-dimensional shape domain, establish the three-dimensional spatial extent of human’s function space. And coordinate the difference of function space between individuals and groups. It is based on the morphological characteristics, physical features and psychological characteristics of human. Then achieve the match of the data of body and design parameters of products. Thus integrate ergonomics into the early process of design. And complete the change of the mode of space design from dimension driven to 3D human body model-driven. The research of human body’s domain will definite the way and standards of interaction space between men and machines. Thus the parameters of human body become precise, three-dimensional and instrumental. Solve the discord of relationship between people and objects, people and environment, performance and environment. To realize the expression of man’s functions in the product itself and the interaction with them.

scholarly journals Pulmonary acini exhibit complex changes during postnatal rat lung development

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0257349
Author(s):  
David Haberthür ◽  
Eveline Yao ◽  
Sébastien F. Barré ◽  
Tiziana P. Cremona ◽  
Stefan A. Tschanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Voxel Size ◽  
Synchrotron Facility ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Swiss Light Source ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Pulmonary acini represent the functional gas-exchanging units of the lung. Due to technical limitations, individual acini cannot be identified on microscopic lung sections. To overcome these limitations, we imaged the right lower lobes of instillation-fixed rat lungs from postnatal days P4, P10, P21, and P60 at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source synchrotron facility at a voxel size of 1.48 μm. Individual acini were segmented from the three-dimensional data by closing the airways at the transition from conducting to gas exchanging airways. For a subset of acini (N = 268), we followed the acinar development by stereologically assessing their volume and their number of alveoli. We found that the mean volume of the acini increases 23 times during the observed time-frame. The coefficients of variation dropped from 1.26 to 0.49 and the difference between the mean volumes of the fraction of the 20% smallest to the 20% largest acini decreased from a factor of 27.26 (day 4) to a factor of 4.07 (day 60), i.e. shows a smaller dispersion at later time points. The acinar volumes show a large variation early in lung development and homogenize during maturation of the lung by reducing their size distribution by a factor of 7 until adulthood. The homogenization of the acinar sizes hints at an optimization of the gas-exchange region in the lungs of adult animals and that acini of different size are not evenly distributed in the lungs. This likely leads to more homogeneous ventilation at later stages in lung development.

3D Shape description algorithms applied to the problem of model retrieval

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Frejlichowski
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Shape Description ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Retrieval Result ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Image Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

AbstractInterest in three-dimensional shape retrieval is currently increasing, driven by two important reasons — the rapid increase of the amount of multimedia data and a noticeable advance in computer hardware and software during recent years. Presently, it is possible to retrieve complicated 3D models in a reasonable span of time thanks to the use of sophisticated 3D shape description algorithms, a feat which was unthinkable a few years ago. The main issue is the efficiency of the approaches, which must work both quickly and reliably. Hence, in this paper four 3D shape description algorithms — Extended Gaussian Image, Shape Distributions, Shape Histograms and Light Field Descriptor — were experimentally compared in order to determine which was most effective. As it turned out, the latter obtained the best retrieval result.

Three-Dimensional Shape and Fall Velocity Measurements of Snowflakes Using a Multiangle Snowflake Imager

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1763-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruya Minda ◽  
Norio Tsuda ◽  
Yasushi Fujiyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Reconstruction ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Silhouette Width ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
3D Shape Reconstruction ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

AbstractThis paper describes a Multiangle Snowflake Imager (MSI) designed to capture the pseudo-three-dimensional (3D) shape and the fall velocity of individual snowflakes larger than 1.5 mm in size. Four height-offset line-image scanners estimate fall velocities and the four-angle silhouettes are used to reconstruct the 3D snowflake shapes. The 3D shape reconstruction is tested using reference objects (spheres, spheroids, cubes, and plates). The four-silhouette method of the MSI improves the representation of the particle shape and volume compared to two-silhouette methods, such as the two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD). The volume (equivolumetric diameters) of snowflakes estimated by the four-silhouette method is approximately 44% (13%) smaller than that estimated by the two-silhouette method. The ability of the imager to measure the fall velocity and particle size distributions based on the silhouette width and the equivolumetric diameter of 3D-shaped particles is verified via a comparison with the 2DVD in three snowfall events.

Four Dimensions of Diamond T: Combination Trade Marks of Colours And Shapes

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Michael McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Trade Marks ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Trade Mark Law ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

This article examines the relatively new fields of colour and shape trade marks. It was initially feared by some academics that the new marks would encroach on the realms of patent and copyright.  However, the traditional requirements of trade mark law, such as functionality and descriptiveness, have meant that trade marks in colour and shape are extremely hard to acquire if they do not have factual distinctiveness. As colour and shape trade marks have no special restrictions, it is proposed that the combination trade mark theory and analysis from the Diamond T case should be used as a way to make them more accessible. The combination analysis can be easily applied because every product has a three dimensional shape and a fourth dimension of colour.

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