scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Multinational Banknote Fitness Classification with a Combination of Visible-Light Reflection and Infrared-Light Transmission Images

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuyen Pham ◽  
Dat Nguyen ◽  
Jin Kang ◽  
Kang Park
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Reflection ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
United States Dollar ◽  
Automated Teller Machines ◽  
Fitness Levels

The fitness classification of a banknote is important as it assesses the quality of banknotes in automated banknote sorting facilities, such as counting or automated teller machines. The popular approaches are primarily based on image processing, with banknote images acquired by various sensors. However, most of these methods assume that the currency type, denomination, and exposed direction of the banknote are known. In other words, not only is a pre-classification of the type of input banknote required, but in some cases, the type of currency is required to be manually selected. To address this problem, we propose a multinational banknote fitness-classification method that simultaneously determines the fitness level of a banknote from multiple countries. This is achieved without the pre-classification of input direction and denomination of the banknote, using visible-light reflection and infrared-light transmission images of banknotes, and a convolutional neural network. The experimental results on the combined banknote image database consisting of the Indian rupee and Korean won with three fitness levels, and the United States dollar with two fitness levels, show that the proposed method achieves better accuracy than other fitness classification methods.

scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Multinational Banknote Type and Fitness Classification with the Combined Images by Visible-Light Reflection and Infrared-Light Transmission Image Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuyen Pham ◽  
Dat Nguyen ◽  
Chanhum Park ◽  
Kang Park
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Reflection ◽  
United States Dollar ◽  
Fitness Value ◽  
Classification Tasks ◽  
Combined Images

Automatic sorting of banknotes in payment facilities, such as automated payment machines or vending machines, consists of many tasks such as recognition of banknote type, classification of fitness for recirculation, and counterfeit detection. Previous studies addressing these problems have mostly reported separately on each of these classification tasks and for a specific type of currency only. In other words, there has been little research conducted considering a combination of these multiple tasks, such as classification of banknote denomination and fitness of banknotes, as well as considering a multinational currency condition of the method. To overcome this issue, we propose a multinational banknote type and fitness classification method that both recognizes the denomination and input direction of banknotes and determines whether the banknote is suitable for reuse or should be replaced by a new one. We also propose a method for estimating the fitness value of banknotes and the consistency of the estimation results among input trials of a banknote. Our method is based on a combination of infrared-light transmission and visible-light reflection images of the input banknote and uses deep-learning techniques with a convolutional neural network. The experimental results on a dataset composed of Indian rupee (INR), Korean won (KRW), and United States dollar (USD) banknote images with mixture of two and three fitness levels showed that the proposed method gives good performance in the combination condition of currency types and classification tasks.

scholarly journals Recognition of Banknote Fitness Based on a Fuzzy System Using Visible Light Reflection and Near-infrared Light Transmission Images

Sensors ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Kwon ◽  
Tuyen Pham ◽  
Kang Park ◽  
Dae Jeong ◽  
Sungsoo Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Fuzzy System ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Reflection ◽  
Near Infrared Light

Biomimetics in Energy Systems: Light Transmission in the Window Plant Fenestraria aurantiaca as Inspiration for New Solutions in the Technical World

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immanuel Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Light Concentration

Fenestraria aurantiaca (also known as window plant) is a succulent with specialized adaptations to deal with heat, light and aridity. Fenestraria aurantiaca (F. a.) grows with most of its body under the sand. Just the top, with a light transparent surface – the window – on it, protrudes from the surface hence giving explanation to the plants name. Experiments with light, and detailed microscopy studies show the physical, biological and chemical capabilities of F. a. It was found that the window works as a lens, light from a 90 ° angle is directed into the plant. Thereby the window filters the light. Up to 90 % of the visible light is blocked; with rising wavelength the window gets more transparent until the near infrared light (1000 nm) where the transparency declines rapidly. But the parenchyma is up 90 % transparent. Based on those results the principles of the plant were defined, which are used for abstractions. Generally F.a. has four principles: light handling, surface cleaning, heat avoidance and water storing. Improvements founded on the inspiration of the window plant seem to be possible in photovoltaic systems, which have problems with overheating and also light concentration. An example solution called “buried solar cells” is presented. Another working field is the screen of mobile devices, where the clarity and readability suffers from direct sunlight. With the help from the methods displayed by F.a., there is an energy saving solution explained.

scholarly journals Theoretic analysis and experimental evaluation of the spectrum transmission coefficient of a multilayer photovoltaic vacuum glazing

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-582
Author(s):  
Qinghua Lv ◽  
Jiachen Cui ◽  
Hasila Jarimi ◽  
Hui Lv ◽  
Zhongsheng Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Transmission Coefficient ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Calculation Error ◽  
Functional Coating ◽  
Vacuum Glazing

Abstract This paper introduces an innovative thin film PV vacuum glazing (PV-VG) technology. In addition to electricity generation, the PV-VG glazing can also reduce heat loss from the building in winter and reduce heat gain in summer. In building integrated photovoltaics application, optical characterization of the PV glazing is important in determining the solar ray transmission and thermal transfer process of the glazing. This paper discusses the optical properties of the PV-VG glazing by considering the different layers of the glazing unit that includes a self-cleaning glass, a thin film PV glass and a low-e vacuum glazing. Based on the optical transfer matrix, the transmission coefficients of different film layers were deduced. The theoretical calculations were then validated against the transmission coefficient experiment of the PV-VG using an EDTM SS2450 Solar Spectrum Meter. The calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the single-layer glazing is generally within 5%, the calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the integrated PV-VG glazing is about 6%. The results show that the average visible light transmission coefficient, the average infrared light transmission coefficient and the overall transmission coefficient of PV-VG glazing are 19%, 16% and 12%, respectively. The study is important to optimize the visible light transmission of the PV-VG glazing; the optical model obtained above lays a solid foundation for further study of transmission coefficient analysis of different functional coating of PV-VG glazing.

Robust Design of High-Performance Transparent Solar Cell Structure Considering Natural Sunlight Illumination

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangcheng Yu ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Cheng Sun ◽  
Wei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Robust Design ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Natural Sunlight

Transparent organic solar cells have recently attracted extensive interest considering their potential application for the power-generating window. By allowing the transmission of visible light while converting ultraviolet and near infrared light in the solar spectrum into electricity, transparent solar cells integrated into building facade provide a smart solution to the energy dilemma in urban area. However, current works mainly optimize the performance of solar cells for very limited incident condition, such as only considering normal incidence, which results in impractical designs for real applications. In this paper, we propose a robust design approach to achieve high-performance transparent solar cell based on a non-periodic photonic structure considering a broad range of incident conditions representing natural sunlight illumination. Statistical performances are used in the robust design formulation and efficient sampling techniques are further employed to improve the computational efficiency. The Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained according to the multicriteria preference with respect to maximizing the expected cell transparency and the expected energy conversion efficiency, and minimizing the performance variance due to the incidence variation. As one example of the optimized design, the absorbing efficiency of the solar cell could be up to 85% that of its opaque counterpart with 32% visible light transmission and 0.13% variation coefficient of transparency under the actual solar illumination and incident angles from 9am to 3pm. By using this design methodology, practically efficient cell structure is achieved based on the location and installation orientation of the solar window.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Nilai Tukar Dollar Amerika Serikat Terhadap Rupiah Tahun 2000–2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Rizki Rahma Kusumadewi ◽  
Wahyu Widayat
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Arch Model ◽  
United States Dollar ◽  
The Exchange Rate

Exchange rate is one tool to measure a country’s economic conditions. The growth of a stable currency value indicates that the country has a relatively good economic conditions or stable. This study has the purpose to analyze the factors that affect the exchange rate of the Indonesian Rupiah against the United States Dollar in the period of 2000-2013. The data used in this study is a secondary data which are time series data, made up of exports, imports, inflation, the BI rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the money supply (M1) in the quarter base, from first quarter on 2000 to fourth quarter on 2013. Regression model time series data used the ARCH-GARCH with ARCH model selection indicates that the variables that significantly influence the exchange rate are exports, inflation, the central bank rate and the money supply (M1). Whereas import and GDP did not give any influence.

scholarly journals Updating OMERACT Core Set of Domains for ANCA-associated Vasculitis: Patient Perspective Using the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1415-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Milman ◽  
Eilish McConville ◽  
Joanna C. Robson ◽  
Annelies Boonen ◽  
Peter Tugwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Anca Associated Vasculitis ◽  
Core Set

Objective.Aspects of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies–associated vasculitis (AAV) prioritized by patients with AAV were described using the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF).Methods.Items identified during 14 individual interviews were incorporated into an ICF-based questionnaire administered to participants of 2 vasculitis patient symposia: 36 in the United Kingdom and 63 in the United States.Results.Categories identified as at least “moderately relevant” by ≥ 5% of subjects included 44 body functions, 14 body structures, 35 activities and participation, 31 environmental factors, and 38 personal factors.Conclusion.Identified categories differ from those identified by the current Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) core set and those prioritized by vasculitis experts.

scholarly journals New Visualization Models of Designation Pathway and Group Categorization of Device–Drug and Device–Biologic Combination Products Classification in the United States: Analysis of FDA Capsular Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Uemura ◽  
Hiroshi Kasanuki ◽  
Mitsuo Umezu
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Regulatory Scheme ◽  
Early Access ◽  
Dimensional Group ◽  
Device Component ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
Component Function

Abstract Objective The developer and sponsor of new combination products in US needs to forecast which classification and designation to the regulatory scheme of drug, biological product, or device would be required for the new products by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To improve the predictability and acceptability of the designation of new combination products for innovators, developers, and sponsors, and to encourage the development and early access of new combination products, we proposed new visualization models of the designation pathway and group categorization. Method We searched the website of the FDA on 15 November, 2020 to identify the regulatory scheme of the FDA’s 129 capsular decision cases of device–drug and device–biologics combination products and other publicly available cases the FDA designated to the drug/biologic or device regulatory scheme. Results By introducing a new definition for primary intended use (PIU) by developers and sponsors extracted from the classification factors of primary mode of action (PMOA), we developed new visualization models of the designation pathway and two-dimensional group categorization. And applying these models to the cases the FDA designated, we proposed a new group categorization of combination products while focusing on the device component function. Conclusions The new visualization models with PIU and PMOA and the new group categorization focusing on the device component function proposed in this study may increase predictability and acceptability of the classification of newly developed combination products into the regulatory scheme of drug, biological product, and device, for innovators, developers, and sponsors.

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