scholarly journals Social Security Individual Accounts in China: Toward Sustainability in Individual Account Financing

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 5049-5064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhong Chen ◽  
John Turner
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Individual Account ◽  
Individual Accounts

scholarly journals Different Approaches for Dealing with Social Security

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M Gramlich
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Retirement Funds ◽  
Individual Accounts

This paper discusses the report of the 1994 Quadrennial Advisory Council on Social Security, of which the author was chair. The system is out of long-term actuarial balance and, as a maturing defined benefit pay-as-you-go system, is giving younger cohorts ever lower returns on their payroll contributions. The council suggested three approaches--each of which involves higher national saving and a way to get some retirement funds invested in equities. One of these approaches preserves the present benefit structure, one shifts to large-scale individual accounts, and one is a hybrid.

Social Security Benefit Uncertainty under Individual Accounts

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Rehder Harris ◽  
John Sabelhaus ◽  
Michael Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Individual Accounts

scholarly journals Privatization of Social Security Retirement Systems: Lessons and Comparisons from Chile, Argentina, and the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Elisa Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Account ◽  
Retirement System ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Investment Returns ◽  
Group Mobilization ◽  
Retirement Systems

Retirement pensions are traditionally provided through government social insurance systems, which pool risks broadly across the population and provide benefits that are set in law. In contrast, under privatized systems, workers’ benefits depend on their own individual account balances and investment returns, with little or no redistribution and pooling of risk across the population. In 1981, Chile became the first country to fully privatize its social security retirement system, setting an example that Argentina and numerous other countries later emulated. More than two decades later, both Chile and Argentina undertook “re-reforms” to their privatized systems, with Chile maintaining its privatized system while Argentina returned to a fully public system. The United States also confronted efforts to privatize its Social Security system around the same time periods—in the early 1980s and the early 2000s—but ultimately chose to strengthen the existing system rather than privatizing. This article examines and contrasts these three countries’ experiences in the 1980s-90s and 2005-08, probing the factors that led to or prevented privatization. While finances usually provided the stated pretext for reform, privatization is now widely acknowledged to worsen the financial challenges faced by pension systems. Ultimately, neoliberal ideologies were pivotal in putting privatization on the policy agenda, and institutional structures and interest group mobilization helped to shape the outcomes of the privatization effort.

‘In the Human Heart’

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 301-320
Author(s):  
Gaston G. LeNotre ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Heart ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Object A ◽  
Individual Account ◽  
Philosophy Of Race ◽  
Biological Differences ◽  
Individual Accounts

A premodern philosophy of race and racism in Thomas Aquinas resolves some seeming oppositions between the three most current theories of race. Thomas’s generational account of race is primary. It affirms the racial naturalist view that there are biological differences between people, and some of which stem from a characteristic genotype and geography. Thomas’s individual account of race is secondary but nevertheless a necessary clarification of the generational account. It affirms the racial skeptic view that these racial characteristic properties are individual properties, not essential or specific properties, and as such cannot lead to a definite, essential being that is a ‘race.’ Thomas’s intersubjective account of race is tertiary, insofar as it presumes the generational and individual accounts, and yet crucially explains a peculiar social reality. It affirms the racial constructionist view that the intention by which we understand the notion of race is a socially constituted object, a mind-dependent reality informed by experience.

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