scholarly journals Simulation of Energy and Media Demand of Beverage Bottling Plants by Automatic Model Generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10089
Author(s):  
Raik Martin Bär ◽  
Michael Zeilmann ◽  
Christoph Nophut ◽  
Joachim Kleinert ◽  
Karsten Beyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Parameter Determination ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Automatic Model Generation ◽  
Simulation Parameter ◽  
Automatic Simulation

Facing environmental challenges, high energy costs and a growing public awareness, the global brewing industry is increasingly publishing ambitious targets toward a more sustainable production. Small and medium-sized enterprises of the brewing and beverage industry cannot ensure energy and media efficiency mainly due to capital and knowledge inadequacy. This article addresses this problem and presents a pragmatic method to determine the energy and media demand. Accordingly, a modeling editor as well as a standardized data structure and automatic simulation parameter determination tools were developed to implement the method. A given production plant can be modeled with adequate details using the presented editor. Based on a configuration file, a holistic simulation model can be generated automatically in a simulation environment. A beverage bottling plant was studied, and the necessary datasets were obtained for implementing the proposed editor and, thereby, the method. It was confirmed that the simulated values of electrical energy and compressed air consumption match the measured empirical data. The measures to increase energy and media efficiency were also found effective. Using the presented method, enterprises of the brewing and beverage industry can easily uncover avenues for potential savings, test the effectiveness of optimization strategies, and substantiate possible investment decisions.

scholarly journals Risk-Averse Scheduling of Combined Heat and Power-Based Microgrids in Presence of Uncertain Distributed Energy Resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7119
Author(s):  
Abbas Rabiee ◽  
Ali Abdali ◽  
Seyed Masoud Mohseni-Bonab ◽  
Mohsen Hazrati
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Robust Scheduling ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a robust scheduling model is proposed for combined heat and power (CHP)-based microgrids using information gap decision theory (IGDT). The microgrid under study consists of conventional power generation as well as boiler units, fuel cells, CHPs, wind turbines, solar PVs, heat storage units, and battery energy storage systems (BESS) as the set of distributed energy resources (DERs). Additionally, a demand response program (DRP) model is considered which has a successful performance in the microgrid hourly scheduling. One of the goals of CHP-based microgrid scheduling is to provide both thermal and electrical energy demands of the consumers. Additionally, the other objective is to benefit from the revenues obtained by selling the surplus electricity to the main grid during the high energy price intervals or purchasing it from the grid when the price of electricity is low at the electric market. Hence, in this paper, a robust scheduling approach is developed with the aim of maximizing the total profit of different energy suppliers in the entire scheduling horizon. The employed IGDT technique aims to handle the impact of uncertainties in the power output of wind and solar PV units on the overall profit.

scholarly journals Perspective on advanced nanomaterials used for energy storage and conversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsuanyi Huang ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Cuixia Li ◽  
Feng Zheng ◽  
Giovanni A. Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
Energy Materials

Abstract To drive the next ‘technical revolution’ towards commercialization, we must develop sustainable energy materials, procedures, and technologies. The demand for electrical energy is unlikely to diminish over the next 50 years, and how different countries engage in these challenges will shape future discourse. This perspective summarizes the technical aspects of nanomaterials’ design, evaluation, and uses. The applications include solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC), microbial fuel cells (MFC), supercapacitors, and hydrogen evolution catalysts. This paper also described energy carriers such as ammonia which can be produced electrochemically using SOEC under ambient pressure and high temperature. The rise of electric vehicles has necessitated some form of onboard storage of fuel or charge. The fuels can be generated using an electrolyzer to convert water to hydrogen or nitrogen and steam to ammonia. The charge can be stored using a symmetrical supercapacitor composed of tertiary metal oxides with self-regulating properties to provide high energy and power density. A novel metal boride system was constructed to absorb microwave radiation under harsh conditions to enhance communication systems. These resources can lower the demand for petroleum carbon in portable power devices or replace higher fossil carbon in stationary power units. To improve the energy conversion and storage efficiency, we systematically optimized synthesis variables of nanomaterials using artificial neural network approaches. The structural characterization and electrochemical performance of the energy materials and devices provide guidelines to control new structures and related properties. Systemic study on energy materials and technology provides a feasible transition from traditional to sustainable energy platforms. This perspective mainly covers the area of green chemistry, evaluation, and applications of nanomaterials generated in our laboratory with brief literature comparison where appropriate. The conceptual and experimental innovations outlined in this perspective are neither complete nor authoritative but a snapshot of selecting technologies that can generate green power using nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Public awareness and their attitudes toward adopting renewable energy technologies in Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hamed Patmal ◽  
Habiburrahman Shiran
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
The Government

This research investigates the factors that potentially affect public attitudes and their adoption of renewable energy technologies for electrical energy production in Afghanistan. The study is carried out with a survey from Kabul and its neighboring provinces including Logar, Maidan Wardak, Nangarhar, Ghazni, Parwan & Kapisa provinces. We used a random sampling process to collect data using a web-based questionnaire. The survey was well designed to highlight conveniently the public understanding, willingness, and attitudes toward adopting renewable energy technologies (RETs). The outcome of the survey is then evaluated to discover the most potential factor affecting public acceptance of RETs. The results declared that the educational level, expertise in RETs, and income of respondents are positively related, while the age of respondents is negatively related to the public willingness on the use and investment in RETs. The majority of respondents have used one type of RETs, however, 23 % of respondents have not used any type of RETs. Study shows that the RETs use and access to grid electricity are reversely related, where the access is lower, the RETs use is higher and vice versa. Most of the respondents were not well informed and most disagreed with the government policies on RETs, therefore, public awareness programs on RETs and government policies are recommended. The majority of respondents were willing to invest in RETs, therefore, the government should commit itself and support private sectors to invest in RETs and take part in its development.

scholarly journals Strategies to Improve the Energy Storage Properties of Perovskite Lead-Free Relaxor Ferroelectrics: A Review

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5742
Author(s):  
Vignaswaran Veerapandiyan ◽  
Federica Benes ◽  
Theresa Gindel ◽  
Marco Deluca
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Relaxor Ferroelectrics ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Energy Storage Properties ◽  
Novel Processing

Electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) with high energy density and power density are essential for the effective miniaturization of future electronic devices. Among different EESSs available in the market, dielectric capacitors relying on swift electronic and ionic polarization-based mechanisms to store and deliver energy already demonstrate high power densities. However, different intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to energy dissipations prevent ceramic-based dielectric capacitors from reaching high recoverable energy density levels. Interestingly, relaxor ferroelectric-based dielectric capacitors, because of their low remnant polarization, show relatively high energy density and thus display great potential for applications requiring high energy density properties. In this study, some of the main strategies to improve the energy density properties of perovskite lead-free relaxor systems are reviewed, including (i) chemical modification at different crystallographic sites, (ii) chemical additives that do not target lattice sites, and (iii) novel processing approaches dedicated to bulk ceramics, thick and thin films, respectively. Recent advancements are summarized concerning the search for relaxor materials with superior energy density properties and the appropriate choice of both composition and processing routes to match various applications’ needs. Finally, future trends in computationally-aided materials design are presented.

Dielectric Elastomer Energy Harvesting and its Application to Human Walking

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Lai ◽  
Chin An Tan ◽  
Yong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Wide Range

Human walking requires sophisticated coordination of muscles, tendons, and ligaments working together to provide a constantly changing combination of force, stiffness and damping. In particular, the human knee joint acts as a variable damper, dissipating greater amounts of energy when the knee undergoes large rotational displacements during walking, running or hopping. Typically, this damping results from the dissipation, or loss, of metabolic energy. It has been proven to be possible however; to collect this otherwise wasted energy through the use of electromechanical transducers of several different types which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. When properly controlled, this type of device not only provides desirable structural damping effects, but the energy generated can be stored for use in a wide range of applications. A novel approach to an energy harvesting knee joint damper is presented using a dielectric elastomer (DE) smart material based electromechanical transducer. Dielectric elastomers are extremely elastic materials with high electrical permittivity which operate based on electrostatic effects. By placing compliant electrodes on either side of a dielectric elastomer film, a specialized capacitor is created, which couples mechanical and electrical energy using induced electrostatic stresses. Dielectric elastomer energy harvesting devices not only have a high energy density, but the material properties are similar to that of human tissue, making it highly suitable for wearable applications. A theoretical framework for dielectric elastomer energy harvesting is presented along with a mapping of the active phases of the energy harvesting to the appropriate phases of the walking stride. Experimental results demonstrating the energy harvesting capability of a DE generator undergoing strains similar to those experienced during walking are provided for the purpose of verifying the theoretical results. The work presented here can be applied to devices for use in rehabilitation of patients with muscular dysfunction and transfemoral prosthesis as well as energy generation for able-bodied wearers.

Research for Combustor Based on Micro-Thermoelectric Generator Device

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 2509-2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Yin Song ◽  
Xian Cheng Wang ◽  
Mei Qin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Generator ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽  
Thermal Exchange ◽  
Thermal Transfer ◽  
Micro Thermoelectric Generator ◽  
Micro Combustor

Micro-thermoelectric generator device (MTGD) is used to supply lasting electrical energy for Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). As an important part of MTGD, micro-combustor with high energy density has direct influence on the total electrical generating efficiency for MTG. D In this paper, Considering some parameters such as material, dimension, flux of fuel and shape of thermal conductive tunnel for micro-combustor, some simulation models such as thermal transfer, combustion for micro-combustor were built up, and some simulation results were got. Based upon, optimized micro flat combustors were designed and tested. The experiment results illustrated that the conduct efficiency of micro-combustor was well controlled by adjusting heat flux, and the combustor with shape of zigzag combustion tunnel has high thermal exchange efficiency in experiment models. By adjusting flux of fuel and the structure of micro premixed combustor, the heat loss of MTGD was reduced and output power was improved in a degree.

3-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) Steam Electrolysis Operation for Hydrogen Production

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Kang ◽  
Joonguen Park ◽  
Joongmyeon Bae
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Electrolysis Cells ◽  
Solid Oxide Electrolysis ◽  
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells ◽  
The Relationship

Hydrogen is a resource that provides energy and forms water only after reacting with oxygen. Because there are no emissions such as greenhouse gases when hydrogen is converted to produce energy, it is considered one of the most important energy resources for addressing the problems of global warming and air pollution. Additionally, hydrogen can be useful for constructing “smart grid” infrastructure because electrical energy from other renewable energy sources can be stored in the form of chemical energy by electrolyzing water, creating hydrogen. Among the many hydrogen generation systems, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have attracted considerable attention as advanced water electrolysis systems because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low use of electrical energy. To find the relationship between operating conditions and the performance of SOECs, research has been conducted both experimentally, using actual SOEC cells, and numerically, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this investigation, we developed a 3-D simulation model to analyze the relationship between the operating conditions and the overall behavior of SOECs due to different contributions to the over-potential. All SOECs involve the transfer of mass, momentum, species, and energy, and these properties are correlated. Furthermore, all of these properties have a direct influence on the concentration of the gases in the electrodes, the pressure, the temperature and the current density. Therefore, the conservation equations for mass, momentum, species, and energy should be included in the simulation model to calculate all terms in the transfer of mass, heat and fluid. In this simulation model, the transient term was neglected because the steady state was assumed. All governing equations were calculated using Star-CD (CD Adapco, U.S). The source terms in the governing equations were calculated with in-house code, i.e., user defined functions (UDF), written in FORTRAN 77, and these were linked to the Star-CD solver to calculate the transfer processes. Simulations were performed with various cathode inlet gas compositions, anode inlet gas compositions, cathode thickness, and electrode porosity to identify the main parameters related to performance.

Electro-active phase formation in PVDF–BiVO4 flexible nanocomposite films for high energy density storage application

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (89) ◽  
pp. 48220-48227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Sarkar ◽  
Samiran Garain ◽  
Dipankar Mandal ◽  
K. K. Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Nanocomposite Film ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Energy Harvesters

A significant improvement of dielectric properties and toughness with electrical energy density up to 11 J cm−3 is observed in flexible PVDF–BiVO4 nanocomposite film. It underlines to use as flexible high energy density capacitors and piezoelectric based energy harvesters.

Novel Two-Stage Electrical Energy Generators for Highly-Variable and Low-Speed Linear or Rotary Input Motions

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jahangir S. Rastegar ◽  
Richard T. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Potential Applications

A novel class of two-stage, vibration-based electrical energy generators is presented for linear or rotary input motions in applications which the input speed is relatively low and varies significantly over time such as wind mills, turbo-machinery used to harvest tidal flows, devices for harnessing coastal wave energy, and the like. Current technologies use magnet-and-coil based electrical generators in such machinery. However, to make the generation cycle efficient, gearing or other similar mechanisms must be used to increase the input speed. Variable speed-control mechanisms are also usually needed to achieve high energy conversion efficiency. Additionally, in many applications, such as those where energy is to be harvested from very low frequency oscillations of a platform such as a buoy or a ship, the use of speed increasing mechanisms such as gearing or the like is impractical. In this paper, a novel class of two-stage electrical energy generators that could operate with very low speed and highly variable input rotations and/or oscillations is described. The first stage consists of simple linkage mechanisms, which are used to excite vibratory elements. These two-stage generators are designed to convert low-speed and highly variable input rotations and oscillations to relatively high and constant frequency vibratory motions, which are then used to generate electrical energy using mechanical to electrical energy conversion devices such as piezoelectric elements. The design of a number of such two-stage generators together with a discussion of their potential applications is presented.

scholarly journals Contemporary nutritional transition: determinants of diet and its impact on body composition

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry M. Popkin
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Energy Imbalance ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Nutritional Transition

The world has experienced a marked shift in the global BMI distribution towards reduced undernutrition and increased obesity. The collision between human biology, shaped over the millennia and modern technology, globalization, government policies and food industry practices have worked to create far-reaching energy imbalance across the globe. A prime example is the clash between our drinking habits and our biology. The shift from water and breast milk as the only beverages available, to a vast array of caloric beverages was very rapid, shaped both by our tastes and aggressive marketing of the beverage industry. Our biology, shaped over millennia by daily consumption of water and seasonal availability of food, was not ready to compensate for the liquid energies. Other dietary changes were similarly significant, particularly the shift towards increased frequency of eating and larger portions. The roles of the food and beverage production, distribution and marketing sectors in not only shaping our diet but also accelerating these changes must be understood. Apart from the role of beverages, there is much less consensus about the role of various components of our diet in energy imbalance. Understanding the determinants of change in the key components of our diet through an array of research provides insights into some of the options we face in attempting to attain a great balance between energy intake and expenditures while creating an overall healthier dietary pattern. A few countries are systematically addressing the causes of poor dietary and physical activity patterns and high energy imbalance.

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