scholarly journals Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Aggregate Stability and Microbial Biomass in a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment (IOSDV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9769
Author(s):  
Gábor Csitári ◽  
Zoltán Tóth ◽  
Mónika Kökény
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Fertilization Experiment ◽  
Straw Incorporation

The effect of two types of organic amendment (manure and straw incorporation) and various doses (0–200 kg N*ha−1) of mineral N fertilization on microbial biomass C (MBC), aggregate stability (AS), soil organic C (SOC) and grain yield were investigated in an IOSDV long-term fertilization experiment (Keszthely, Hungary). This study was conducted during years 2015–2016 in a sandy loam Ramann-type brown forest soil (Eutric Cambisol according to WRB). Organic amendments had a significant effect on AS, MBC and SOC, increased their values compared to the unamended control. The organic amendments showed different effects on AS and MBC. AS was increased the most by straw incorporation and MBC by manure application. The magnitude of temporal variability of AS and MBC differed. Presumably, the different effects of organic amendments and the different degrees of temporal variability explain why there was only a weak (0.173) correlation between AS and MBC. AS did not correlate with SOC or grain yield. MBC correlated (0.339) with SOC but not with the grain yield. The N fertilizer dose did not have a significant effect on AS and MBC, but had a significant effect on SOC and grain yield.

Microbial biomass carbon and some soil properties as influenced by long-term sodic-water irrigation, gypsum, and organic amendments

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joginder Kaur ◽  
O. P. Choudhary ◽  
Bijay-Singh
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Sodic Water

Long-term sodic-water irrigation may adversely affect the quality of soil organic carbon along with some soil properties. The extent to which the adverse effects can be ameliorated through the use of gypsum and amendments needs to be known. Soil properties and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were studied after 14 years of sodic water (SW) irrigation and application of different levels of gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), and wheat straw (WS) to a sandy loam soil. Irrigation with SW increased pH, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and bulk density, and decreased final infiltration rate of soil. Application of gypsum and organic amendments reversed these trends. Decrease in MBC due to SW irrigation was from 132.5 to 44.6 mg/kg soil in the 0–75 mm soil layer and from 49.0 to 17.3 mg/kg soil in the 75–150 mm soil layer. Application of gypsum and organic amendments significantly increased MBC; GM and FYM were more effective than WS. Changes in soil ESP explained 85 and 75% variation in MBC in the unamended and organically amended SW treatments, respectively. Soil pH as additional variable improved the predictability of MBC to 96% and 77%. Irrigation with SW reduced yield of rice plus wheat by 5 t/ha. Application of gypsum and organic amendments significantly increased the rice and wheat yield; it was significantly correlated with MBC (r = 0.56**, n = 60). It confirms that MBC rather than organic C is a more sensitive indicator of environmental stresses in soils caused by long-term sodic water irrigation.

Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of select soil enzymes in an oak–hickory forest

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1799-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Eivazi ◽  
M.R. Bayan
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Relationship

In low-input or unmanaged ecosystems, the relationship between soil enzyme activity and plant biomass is expected and may be used as an early and sensitive indicator of soil productivity. This study was designed to (1) examine the long-term effects of burning on the activities of arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, α- and β-glucosidase, and urease; (2) determine the relationship between microbial biomass C and enzyme activities as affected by long-term prescribed burning; and (3) study the seasonal variations in activities of the above-mentioned enzymes. Soil samples (Typic Fragiudalf) were collected from southeastern Missouri where a long-term burning experiment was established in 1949. Treatments consisted of (1) annual burning; (2) periodic burning, every 4 years; and (3) control, unburned. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected before and after annual and periodic burning during 1992 and seasonally in 1993. Long-term burning treatments significantly reduced the activities of enzymes studied but did not affect the pH and organic C. The microbial biomass C, total N, available P, and available S content of soil samples from both annual and periodic burning plots were significantly reduced. A significant positive correlation between soil enzyme activities and the microbial biomass was established. The treatment effects were apparent over the background seasonal variability, with reduced enzyme activity for the annual and periodic burning plots as compared with the unburned plots.

scholarly journals Carbon, Nitrogen Dynamics and CO2 Efflux in the Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil Treated with Chemically Modified Organic Amendments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammed-Nour ◽  
Mohamed Al-Sewailem ◽  
Ahmed H. El-Naggar ◽  
Mohamed Hamza ◽  
Anwar A. Aly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Loam Soil

Although carbon (C) efflux from soils treated with organic wastes was widely covered in temperate and cold regions, still such data is not sufficient from arid and semi-arid regions. Saudi Arabia produces more than 335,000 tons/year of cow manure (CM), this CM either left as raw manure or being composted. The application of high C/N amendments is expected to increase soil organic carbon and reduce CO2 fluxes. A 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to study CO2 efflux, organic C microbial biomass C, available NH4+and NO3-when added to agricultural soil. Six manure types were added: cow manure, cow manure compost, cow manure biochar, cow manure stripped ammonia at pH 12 with a temperature of 95oC, cow manure stripped ammonia at pH 9 with a temperature of 95oC and control. The application of CM resulted in a considerable increase in soil available nitrogen, CO2 efflux compared to other treatments. Cow manure biochar showed the lowest CO2 efflux. Cumulative CO2 effluxes of cow manure effluents were lower than CM this possibly due to the relatively high C:N ratio of manure effluent. The content of, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were decreased as incubation time increased. microbial biomass C of cow manure stripped ammonia at pH 12 with a temperature of 95oC were increased at 7 and 60 days illustrating to temperature effect on the decomposing of manure materials.

Changes in microbial biomass and structural stability at the surface of a duplex soil under direct drilling and stubble retention in north-eastern Victoria

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Carter ◽  
PM Mele
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
C And N ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Wet Sieving

Changes and relationships for organic C, microbial biomass C and N, and soil structural stability indices were determined at the soil surface after 10 years of direct drilling stubble retained (DDR) and stubble burnt (DDB), and cultivation with stubble burnt (CCB) for cropping systems on a sandy clay loam, duplex soil (calcic luvisol) in south-eastern Australia. Direct drilling caused a slight but significant increase in soil organic C at the 0-25 mm soil depth compared to the cultivated treatment. Microbial biomass C and N increases over the 0-100 mm soil depths were seasonal and generally greater for the DDR in comparison with DDB and CCB systems. Use of short duration wet sieving for the 0-25 mm soil depth showed a significant increase in aggregate stability for the DDR, especially for 2-10 mm sized aggregates, compared with the other tillage treatments. Such differences were reduced by standard wet sieving or use of a dispersion test illustrating the fragile nature of these unstable aggregates developed under cropping systems. Soil structural indices (water stable aggregates >2.00 mm, and >0.25 mm; mean weight diameter) were weakly correlated with increases in microbial biomass (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and to total organic C (r = 0.35, P < 0.05). For these tillage systems, microbial biomass tended to be a poor predictor of changes in soil organic C. Overall, the long term effect of direct drilling and stubble retention in these cropping systems provided only relatively minor increases in organic C and, consequently, aggregate stability.

scholarly journals The influence of long-term organic and mineral fertilization on soil organic matter

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Šimon
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Respiration Activity ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
Control Variant

Parameters evaluating soil organic matter quantity (organic C and N content) and quality (hot water extractable C content, aliphatic compounds, microbial biomass C content, basal respiration activity) were determined in soils differently fertilized (NPK &ndash; mineral fertilization 64.6 kg N/ha/year, FYM &ndash; farmyard manure 38.6 kg N/ha/year, FYM + NPK &ndash; 103.3 kg N/ha/year) in long-term field experiment established in 1955 in Prague. Variant without any fertilization was used as a control. Nine years crop rotation (45% cereals, 33% root crops, 22% fodder crops) is practiced in this long-term experiment. Soil samples were taken from the arable layer (0&ndash;20 cm) in spring over the period of 1994&ndash;2004. Continual application of FYM and FYM + NPK increased the organic carbon content, hot water extractable C (HWC) content, aliphatic compounds content and microbial biomass C content significantly compared to control variant. Mineral fertilization (NPK) increased only organic C content significantly compared to control variant; HWC content, aliphatic compounds content and microbial biomass C content were increased not significantly. Basal respiration activity did not differ significantly between the variants but the influence of plants cropped in individual years on the basal respiration was observed. The total N content was increased significantly only in FYM + NPK variant as compared to control variant. Presence of lucerne in crop rotation contributed positively to the total nitrogen content in soil of all variants due to the symbiotic N<sub>2</sub> fixation. C:N ratio varied from 9.96 to 10.46. Significant positive relationships (r = 0.30 to 0.68; P &lt; 0.05) among the all parameters were determined with exception of basal respiration activity. The most of measured characteristics tended to be constant or slightly increase in the period of observation that shows evidence of stability of this soil management system.

Effects of agricultural management on sodosols in northern Tasmania

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Cotching ◽  
J. Cooper ◽  
L. A. Sparrow ◽  
B. E. McCorkell ◽  
W. Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Attributes

Attributes of 25 Tasmanian sodosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine changes associated with 4 typical forms of agricultural management [long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements, and cropping (including potatoes) where the potatoes were harvested when the soil was wet]. Soil organic carbon in the top 150 mm was 2.7% under long-term pasture compared with 1.8% in rigorously tilled cropping paddocks, and microbial biomass C values were 194 and 129 mg/kg, respectively. Readily oxidisable organic C concentrations were 1.8 mg/g and 1.3 mg/g, respectively. Infiltration rate was greater in paddocks with shallow tillage cropping than long-term pasture but was 43% less in paddocks which had grown potatoes and 70% less after a wet potato harvest. Dry aggregate-size showed no change under shallow tillage cropping compared with long-term pasture but decreased significantly in more rigorously tilled potato cropping paddocks. Aggregate stability in all cropped paddocks was nearly 50% less than in long-term pasture paddocks, with values in intensively tilled potato cropping paddocks approaching relatively low levels. Colwell extractable phosphorus (P) increased with all cropping, particularly after potatoes. Lower organic carbon and poorer physical properties were associated with paddocks which had grown potatoes, which adds weight to the view that cropping rotation and associated soil management practices are critical for sustainable management of Tasmanian sodosols. Farmers were surveyed about their views of the condition of their paddocks. They identified more healthy than unhealthy soil attributes under all management histories but reported more unhealthy soil attributes when potatoes were included in their rotation.

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C, soluble organic C and CO2 evolution after three years of manure application

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
E. G. Gregorich
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Soluble C

Application of manure and fertilizer affects the rate and extent of mineralization and sequestration of C in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 3 yr of application of N fertilizer and different manure amendments on CO2 evolution and the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and soluble C in the field. Soil respiration, soluble organic C and microbial biomass C were measured at intervals over the growing season in maize soils amended with stockpiled or rotted manure, N fertilizer (200 kg N ha−1) and with no amendments (control). Manure amendments increased soil respiration and levels of soluble organic C and microbial biomass C by a factor of 2 to 3 compared with the control, whereas the N fertilizer had little effect on any parameter. Soil temperature explained most of the variations in CO2 flux (78 to 95%) in each treatment, but data from all treatments could not be fitted to a unique relationship. Increases in CO2 emission and soluble C resulting from manure amendments were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.75) with soil temperature. This observation confirms that soluble C is an active C pool affected by biological activity. The positive correlation between soluble organic C and soil temperature also suggests that production of soluble C increases more than mineralization of soluble C as temperature increases. The total manure-derived CO2-C was equivalent to 52% of the applied stockpiled-manure C and 67% of the applied rotted-manure C. Estimates of average turnover rates of microbial biomass ranged between 0.72 and 1.22 yr−1 and were lowest in manured soils. Manured soils also had large quantities of soluble C with a slower turnover rate than that in either fertilized or unamended soils. Key words: Soil respiration, greenhouse gas, soil carbon

scholarly journals Aliphatic compounds, organic C and N and microbial biomass and its activity in long-term field experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Šimon
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Aliphatic Compound ◽  
Hydrophobicity Index ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
C And N ◽  
Term Field

The content of aliphatic compounds, hydrophobicity index, organic C and N content and the microbial biomass and respiration activity were analysed in soil samples originating from different plots of a long-term field experiment (variants: nil, NPK &ndash; mineral fertilization: 64.6&ndash;100 kg/ha/year, FYM &ndash; farmyard manure and FYM + NPK) from three blocks (III, IV and B) with different crop rotation. Samples were taken from 0&ndash;200 mm layer in 2002 and 2003 (spring and autumn). The plots without any fertilization had the significantly lowest aliphatic compound content compared to variants fertilized by FYM or FYM + NPK in all the evaluated blocks in both years. The variants fertilized only by mineral NPK without any organic fertilization had the slightly increased aliphatic compound content but they did not exceed significantly the control variants in most cases. The aliphatic compound contents correlated significantly with the organic C contents in 2002 and 2003, as well. The values of the hydrophobicity index showed a similar trend like the data mentioned above. Organic manure increased the soil organic nitrogen content, similarly to the carbon content. In variants fertilized by FYM and FYM + NPK the higher microbial biomass content was found comparing to unfertilized variants. Correlations between aliphatic compound content and biomass differed in spring (2002: r = 0.065, 2003: r = 0.068) and autumn (2002: r = 0.407, 2003: r = 0.529). Organically fertilized variants had increased basal respiration, in autumn 2002 the basal respiration was higher in variants fertilized by mineral NPK, too. The highest specific respiration was recorded in the unfertilised plot in block B (autumn 2002 and 2003), where low microbial biomass exhibited high activity. Increased specific respiration was found also in plots fertilized by FYM and FYM&nbsp;+ NPK (block III and IV, autumn samplings). Positive significant correlations between microbial biomass content and basal respiration were found in 2002 (spring: r = 0.716) and 2003 (spring: r = 0.765, autumn: r = 0.671).

Long-term effects of manure application on grain yield under different cropping systems and ecological conditions in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. ZHANG ◽  
M. XU ◽  
F. ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Continuous Maize ◽  
Yield Trends

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and maize (Zea maysL.) are the main crops grown in China. Applying organic manures is an important practice in sustaining soil fertility and agricultural productivity in these cropping systems. The current paper presents the effects of manure application on grain yields in nine long-term experiments that consist of one continuous maize, four wheat–maize and four rice-based cropping systems across a wide range of agro-ecological regions in China. The study shows that regular manure application can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and grain yield across all the sites. Overall, regular use of manure results in larger increases in SOC in the maize and wheat–maize systems than in the rice-based systems. Application of manure tends to increase the grain yield in the maize and wheat–maize systems during the final years, but increases the grain yield in the rice-based systems during the initial years of the long-term experiments. There is only one site that shows significant improvement in the yield trend in association with the application of manure. The effects of manure on yield trends are probably determined by the initial yield and/or the ‘organic C effect’ that may cause gradual improvements in SOC and soil physical properties.

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