scholarly journals The Addition of a High Dosage of Rubber to Asphalt Mixtures: The Effects on Rutting and Fatigue

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9718
Author(s):  
Amin Chegenizadeh ◽  
Pak Jing Shen ◽  
Indah Sekar Arumdani ◽  
Mochamad Arief Budihardjo ◽  
Hamid Nikraz
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Positive Effect

Bitumen is subjected to cracks and damage during its service life. Adding a material with the potential to increase the durability of bitumen can expand its service life and reduce maintenance costs. Previous studies indicate that adding crumb rubber into asphalt has a positive effect on the performance of the mixture. Using crumb rubber may solve environmental problems due to vehicle tire waste disposal by reducing maintenance costs needed to increase asphalt’s strength. Some studies have investigated the effect of bitumen mixed with crumb rubber; however, it seems that the effect of different types of rubber mixtures used has been overlooked. Therefore, this study aims to better understand the effects of the increasing amount of rubber addition in various types of asphalt mixtures and determine the optimal mixture that could be used in road construction. A series of experiment was conducted, incorporating various tests (such as Marshall stability, rutting, and fatigue), to test various mixtures of asphalt in the form of dense-graded asphalt (DGA), fine gap-graded asphalt (FGG), gap-graded asphalt (Stone Mastic Asphalt, SMA), and open-graded asphalt. The amount of added crumb rubber was 25% by weight of bitumen. All mixtures were classified as superior in rutting and fatigue resistance, since they all reached a maximum depth of rutting less than 15 mm and generated two times more failure cycles compared to the conventional asphalt. The most optimal performance asphalt mixture was showed by the SMA10 mixture, resulting in a minimum rut depth of less than 1.2 mm and producing 750% more fatigue cycles than conventional asphalt. The result indicates that the addition of 25% of the rubber particles in the binder can increase the properties and durability of asphalt mixtures.

scholarly journals Effect of Addition of Rubber Granulate and Type of Modified Binder on the Viscoelastic Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt Reducing Tire/Road Noise (SMA LA)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3446
Author(s):  
Wladyslaw Gardziejczyk ◽  
Andrzej Plewa ◽  
Raman Pakholak
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Road Noise ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt

The use of rubber granulate in the composition of asphalt mixtures, as well as the use of poroelastic layers, is indicated by many research centers as a factor with a positive effect on tire/road noise reduction. Attention is however paid to their lower structural durability compared to asphalt concrete (AC) or stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Stone mastic asphalt reducing tire/road noise (SMA LA) layers have also been recently used as low-noise road surfaces. The article presents the test results of viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures SMA8 LA, SMA8 LA containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of rubber granulate, with bitumen 50/70, bitumen 50/70 modified with styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) copolymer, crumb rubber, and mixtures with bitumen modified simultaneously with crumb rubber and SBS copolymer. The reference asphalt mixture was the porous asphalt (PA8). The presented results of water damage resistance, degradation resistance in the Cantabro abrasion loss test, stiffness modulus as a function of temperature and hysteresis loop proved that the amount of rubber granulate and the type of binder significantly affect the values of these parameters. Attention was paid to the possibility of using the results of uniaxial cyclic compression tests when determining the proportion of rubber granulate in SMA8 LA mixtures. Tests of hysteresis loops and stiffness modulus confirm much higher elasticity of SMA8 LA mixtures with rubber granulate as compared to mixtures without the addition of granulate.

Evaluation on Mix Design and Rutting Resistance of Dry Mixed Rubberised Asphalt Mixtures

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhidayah Abdul Hassan ◽  
Mohd Rosli Hainin ◽  
Haryati Yaacob ◽  
Che Ros Ismail ◽  
Nur Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Dry Process ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Wheel Tracking Test ◽  
Wheel Tracking

This study presents a laboratory evaluation on the properties of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture using a dry process method in which the fine crumb rubber is added to substitute the aggregates portion and acts as elastic aggregates within the mix. The effect of crumb rubber in the mixture was investigated in terms of the volumetric properties using Marshall Mix Design and rutting performance using Wheel Tracking Test. The crumb rubber was added between 1 to 3% in steps of 1% by weight of aggregates to modify a dense graded mix, Asphaltic Concrete (AC14) and a gap graded mix, Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA14) according to the Malaysian mix design. Based on the result, it was observed that the performance of the asphalt mixtures was significantly affected with the addition of crumb rubber. Rubberised asphalt mixtures for AC14 were found to have a greater resistance on rutting deformation compared to the conventional mixture. However, the use of fine rubber in SMA14 mixture with 80/100 bitumen cannot provide enough binder modification to perform as good as conventional SMA14 mixture with polymer modified bitumen. Furthermore, based on detailed review, a set of procedures for producing dry mixed rubberised asphalt mixture was identified and recommended for future studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cooling and Pavement Performance of Basic Oxygen Furnaces Slag Used in Asphalt Mixture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long-Sheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Basic Oxygen Furnace ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Basic Oxygen ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Bof Slag ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
The Stability

The basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF) was wide used in road construction, but there was a lack of characteristics in different asphalt mixtures. This study investigates the properties of hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) containing stone mastic asphalt (SMA), porous asphalt (PA) and dense-graded BOF as a partial substitution for natural aggregates. The purpose of this study is to evaluate various BOF slag contents in the asphalt mixtures would affect the cooling behavior after compaction. Asphalt mixture specimens contained 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% BOF slag, respectively, as coarse aggregate. Test results showed that BOF slag has a lipophilic property, so it can be adsorbed by asphalt cement, thereby reducing the cost of asphalt. The stability value of all asphalt mixtures increases with the proportion of BOF slag replacement. In addition, the voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) value variable exhibited significant differences among asphalt mixtures, and could determine the deviation of the cooling trend of asphalt mixtures. Furthermore; it was found that the cooling procedure of the BOF slag used in dense-graded asphalt mixture takes about 100 min, and that the temperature tends to be moderate; however, it took about 120 min of cooling the SMA and PA mixture with BOF slag. In addition, the voids distribution of dense asphalt mixture was not uniform. It would result in various locations of thermal energy temperature on asphalt mixtures that were inconsistent.

scholarly journals Increasing the Stability of Asphalt Concrete Mixture Using Crumb Rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 10002
Author(s):  
Fajar Romadhon ◽  
Agata Iwan Candra ◽  
Dwifi Aprillia Karisma ◽  
Muhammad Heri Nastotok ◽  
Rendy Kurnia Dewanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Concrete Mixture ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Marshall Stability

Stability is a measure of the strength of an asphalt mixture in resisting deformation due to loading. If a road construction structure cannot withstand the existing load, it will result in road damage that endangers road users. This study aims to improve the stability of the asphalt concrete mixture with the use of crumb rubber. Crumb rubber is used because it has good resistance and elasticity. The research was conducted experimentally by making test objects in the laboratory. In this study, five variations crumb rubber (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the weight asphalt mixture) were carried out with the size of the powder retained on a 40 sieve. Marshall test and analysis of volumetric was carried out to determine the characteristics of the asphalt-concrete mixture. The results showed that the highest Marshall stability was obtained at 10% crumb rubber with a stability value of 1422 kg. The use of rubber powder can significantly increase the strength and quality of the asphalt-concrete mixture. Thus, crumb rubber can be used, and this percentage can be used as a reference in the manufacture of asphalt-concrete mixtures in order to obtain good road pavement quality.

scholarly journals Laboratory Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Mixture with Wood Ash Filler

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Sanja Dimter ◽  
Miroslav Šimun ◽  
Martina Zagvozda ◽  
Tatjana Rukavina
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Marshall Stability

Today, the road construction profession is more than ever facing limited and increasingly expensive resources for component materials of asphalt mixtures, which has also led to the need for continuous research on the use of waste materials. One such potentially usable waste material is ash obtained by the combustion of wood biomass that is used to produce heat and electricity. The goal of this paper is to ascertain the possibility of using wood ash (WA) as the filler in asphalt concrete mixtures for the base-wearing layers of a pavement. The properties of Marshall stability (MS), quotient (MQ) and deformations, and the indirect tensile strength of water-conditioned samples and dry samples were tested on asphalt samples of an AC16 surf mixture with different contents of wood ash as the filler. The obtained values of MS and MQ indicate that a 50% content of bio ash in the filler results in an increase in asphalt’s resistance to the appearance of plastic deformations and greater tensile strength and in good asphalt resistance to the action of water.

Performance Characterization of Stone Mastic Asphalt using Steel Fiber

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekarizan Shaffie ◽  
◽  
H.A. Rashid ◽  
Fiona Shiong ◽  
Ahmad Kamil Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Fiber ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Bitumen Content ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Marshall Stability

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The results obtained from the testing showed that the incorporation of steel fiber is significantly effective to enhance the resistance towards moisture damage, while increasing the stability and reducing the abrasion loss of SMA mixture, compared to conventional mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that the addition of steel fiber in asphalt mixture specifically SMA, has improved the mechanical performance in the application of asphalt pavement with the optimum steel fiber proportion of 0.3% by the weight of mixture. The developed models between the independent variables and responses demonstrated high levels of correlation. The study found that Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical method for providing an appropriate empirical model for relating parameters and predicting the optimum performance of an asphaltic mixture to reduce flexible pavement failure.

Determining Optimum Carbon Nanotubes Content for Asphalt Mixture in Road Pavements

2021 ◽  
Vol 1023 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Van Bach Le ◽  
Van Phuc Le
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Static Modulus ◽  
Pavement Construction ◽  
Modified Binder ◽  
Marshall Stability

Although small amount of binder in asphalt concrete mixture may commonly range from 3.5 to 5.5% of total mixture as per many international specifications, it has a significant impact on the total cost of pavement construction. Therefore, this paper investigated the effects of five carbon nanotubes contents of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25% by asphalt weight as an additive material for binder on performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. Performance properties of CNTs modified asphalt mixtures were investigated through the Marshall stability (MS) test, indirect tensile (IDT) test, static modulus (SM) test, wheel tracking (WT) test. The results indicated that asphalt mixtures with CNT modified binder can improve both the rutting performance, IDT strength and marshall stability of tested asphalt mixtures significantly at higher percentages of carbon nanotubes. However, the issue that should be considered is the construction cost of asphalt pavement. Based on the asphalt pavement structural analysis and construction cost, it can be concluded that an optimum CNT content of 0.1% by asphalt weight may be used as additive for asphalt binder in asphalt mixtures.

scholarly journals Laboratory Evaluation of the Use of Florida Washed Shell in Open-Graded Asphalt Mixtures

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7060
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alharthai ◽  
Qing Lu ◽  
Ahmed Elnihum ◽  
Asad Elmagarhe
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Indirect Tensile Strength ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Marshall Stability

This study investigates the substitution of conventional aggregate with a Florida washed shell in open-graded asphalt mixtures and evaluates the optimal substitution percentage in aggregate gradations of various nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMASs) (i.e., 4.75, 9.5, and 12.5 mm). Laboratory experiments were performed on open-graded asphalt mixture specimens with the coarse aggregate of sizes between 2.36 and 12.5 mm being replaced by the Florida washed shell at various percentages (0, 15, 30, 45, and 100%). Specimen properties relevant to the performance of open-graded asphalt mixtures in the field were tested, evaluated, and compared. Specifically, a Marshall stability test, Cantabro test, indirect tensile strength test, air void content test, and permeability test were conducted to evaluate the strength, resistance to raveling, cracking resistance, void content, and permeability of open-graded asphalt mixtures. The results show that there is no significant difference in the Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength when the coarse aggregates are replaced with Florida washed shell. This study also found that the optimum percentages of Florida washed shell in open-graded asphalt mixture were 15, 30, and 45% for 12.5, 9.5, and 4.75 mm NMAS gradations, respectively.

scholarly journals Functional and environmental performance of plant-produced crumb rubber asphalt mixtures using the dry process

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bueno ◽  
R. Haag ◽  
N. Heeb ◽  
P. Mikhailenko ◽  
L. Boesiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Dry Process

AbstractIncorporating crumb rubber (CR) using the dry process, directly in the asphalt mixture rather than into the bituminous binder requires no plant retrofitting, and therefore is the most practical industrial method for CR incorporation into asphalt mixtures. Nevertheless, very few large scale studies have been conducted. This work uses a holistic approach and reports on the functional and environmental performance of asphalt mixtures with different concentrations of CR fabricated employing the dry process in asphalt plants. Gaseous emissions were monitored during the production and laboratory leaching tests simulating the release of pollutants during rain, was conducted to evaluate the toxicology of both the CR material alone and the modified asphalt mixtures. In addition, laboratory compacted samples were tested to assess their fatigue behavior. Furthermore, noise relevant surface properties of large roller compacted slabs were evaluated before and after being subjected to a load simulator (MMLS3) to evaluate their resistance to permanent deformation. The results confirm that comparable performance can be achieved with the incorporation of CR using the dry process for high performance surfaces such as semi-dense asphalt, which usually require the use of polymer modified binders. Environmental performance improvement can be achieved by a washing step of the CR material that could remove polar CR additives which have commonly been used as vulcanization accelerator during rubber production.

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