scholarly journals A New Index to Assess Vulnerability to Regional Shrinkage (Hollowing out) Due to the Changing Age Structure and Population Density

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9382
Author(s):  
Jimin Lee ◽  
Kyo Suh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Population Indices ◽  
Using Data

In South Korea, there is an awareness of the risks of regional shrinkage and depopulation due to demographic changes and unbalanced population distribution. With concerns about the extinction of local cities and the hollowing out of rural communities, scholars have increasingly called for new population indices or indicators to evaluate the current state of the local population. The purpose of this study was to develop a vulnerability index to effectively analyze the age structure and population changes associated with regional shrinkage (i.e., hollowing out). This study applied ranking and correlation analysis results using data for population density and the population structure by age to develop a new index to assess a region’s vulnerability to the regional shrinkage effect. The new vulnerability index identified vulnerable regions by evaluating regional vulnerability using 2019 data. We also conducted a correlation analysis to validate the new index and found that the proposed index was significantly correlated with population growth and all other demographic indicators. The index developed in this study can be used to assess and compare the vulnerability of areas to regional shrinkage following population changes.

scholarly journals Population centroids of the world administrative units from nighttime lights 1992-2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Hall ◽  
Maria Francisca Archila Bustos ◽  
Niklas Boke Olén ◽  
Thomas Niedomysl
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nighttime Lights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
True Population

Abstract Knowledge about the past, current and future distribution of the human population is fundamental for tackling many global challenges. Censuses are used to collect information about population within a specified spatial unit. The spatial units are usually arbitrarily defined and their numbers, size and shape tend to change over time. These issues make comparisons between areas and countries difficult. We have in related work proposed that the shape of the lit area derived from nighttime lights, weighted by its intensity can be used to analyse characteristics of the population distribution, such as the mean centre of population. We have processed global nighttime lights data for the period 1992–2013 and derived centroids for administrative levels 0–2 of the Database of Global Administrative Areas, corresponding to nations and two levels of sub-divisions, that can be used to analyse patterns of global or local population changes. The consistency of the produced dataset was investigated and distance between true population centres and derived centres are compared using Swedish census data as a benchmark.

scholarly journals Mapping Changing Population Distribution on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau since 2000 with Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing and Point-of-Interest Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4059
Author(s):  
Lanhui Li ◽  
Yili Zhang ◽  
Linshan Liu ◽  
Zhaofeng Wang ◽  
Huamin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Advanced developments have been achieved in urban human population estimation, however, there is still a considerable research gap for the mapping of remote rural populations. In this study, based on demographic data at the town-level, multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing data, and local population-sensitive point-of-interest (POI) data, we tailored a random forest-based dasymetric approach to map population distribution on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) for 2000, 2010, and 2016 with a spatial resolution of 1000 m. We then analyzed the temporal and spatial change of this distribution. The results showed that the QTP has a sparse population distribution overall; in large areas of the northern QTP, the population density is zero, accounting for about 14% of the total area of the QTP. About half of the QTP showed a rapid increase in population density between 2000 and 2016, mainly located in the eastern and southern parts of Qinghai Province and the central-eastern parts of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Regarding the relative importance of variables in explaining population density, the variables “Distance to Temples” is the most important, followed by “Density of Villages” and “Elevation”. Furthermore, our new products exhibited higher accuracy compared with five recently released gridded population density datasets, namely WorldPop, Gridded Population of the World version 4, and three national gridded population datasets for China. Both the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) for our products were about half of those of the compared products except for WorldPop. This study provides a reference for using fine-scale demographic count and local population-sensitive POIs to model changing population distribution in remote rural areas.

Convergence of regional population density in Russia over 120 years

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
K. A. Kholodilin ◽  
Y. I. Yanzhimaeva
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Capital City ◽  
County Level ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Regional Population Density

A relative uniformity of population distribution on the territory of the country is of importance from socio-economic and strategic perspectives. It is especially important in the case of Russia with its densely populated West and underpopulated East. This paper considers changes in population density in Russian regions, which occurred between 1897 and 2017. It explores whether there was convergence in population density and what factors influenced it. For this purpose, it uses the data both at county and regional levels, which are brought to common borders for comparability purposes. Further, the models of unconditional and conditional β-convergence are estimated, taking into account the spatial dependence. The paper concludes that the population density equalization took place in 1897-2017 at the county level and in 1926—1970 at the regional level. In addition, the population density increase is shown to be influenced not only by spatial effects, but also by political and geographical factors such as climate, number of GULAG camps, and the distance from the capital city.

scholarly journals Changing Land Use and Population Density Are Degrading Water Quality in the Lower Mekong Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1948
Author(s):  
Flavia Tromboni ◽  
Thomas E. Dilts ◽  
Sarah E. Null ◽  
Sapana Lohani ◽  
Peng Bun Ngor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Land Use Impacts ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mekong Basin ◽  
Lower Mekong Basin

Establishing reference conditions in rivers is important to understand environmental change and protect ecosystem integrity. Ranked third globally for fish biodiversity, the Mekong River has the world’s largest inland fishery providing livelihoods, food security, and protein to the local population. It is therefore of paramount importance to maintain the water quality and biotic integrity of this ecosystem. We analyzed land use impacts on water quality constituents (TSS, TN, TP, DO, NO3−, NH4+, PO43−) in the Lower Mekong Basin. We then used a best-model regression approach with anthropogenic land-use as independent variables and water quality parameters as the dependent variables, to define reference conditions in the absence of human activities (corresponding to the intercept value). From 2000–2017, the population and the percentage of crop, rice, and plantation land cover increased, while there was a decrease in upland forest and flooded forest. Agriculture, urbanization, and population density were associated with decreasing water quality health in the Lower Mekong Basin. In several sites, Thailand and Laos had higher TN, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations compared to reference conditions, while Cambodia had higher TP values than reference conditions, showing water quality degradation. TSS was higher than reference conditions in the dry season in Cambodia, but was lower than reference values in the wet season in Thailand and Laos. This study shows how deforestation from agriculture conversion and increasing urbanization pressure causes water quality decline in the Lower Mekong Basin, and provides a first characterization of reference water quality conditions for the Lower Mekong River and its tributaries.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Social Vulnerability and COVID-19 Incidence Among Louisiana Census Tracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Biggs ◽  
Patrick M. Maloney ◽  
Ariane L. Rung ◽  
Edward S. Peters ◽  
William T. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Social Vulnerability Index ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To examine the association between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and COVID-19 incidence among Louisiana census tracts.Methods: An ecological study comparing the CDC SVI and census tract-level COVID-19 case counts was conducted. Choropleth maps were used to identify census tracts with high levels of both social vulnerability and COVID-19 incidence. Negative binomial regression with random intercepts was used to compare the relationship between overall CDC SVI percentile and its four sub-themes and COVID-19 incidence, adjusting for population density.Results: In a crude stratified analysis, all four CDC SVI sub-themes were significantly associated with COVID-19 incidence. Census tracts with higher levels of social vulnerability were associated with higher COVID-19 incidence after adjusting for population density (adjusted RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.41-1.65).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that increased social vulnerability is linked with COVID-19 incidence. Additional resources should be allocated to areas of increased social disadvantage to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 in vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Juxtaposing Farmers’ Suicides and Climate Change Vulnerability: An Empirical Analysis of Indian States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-79
Author(s):  
Sridevi Gummadi ◽  
Amalendu Jyotishi ◽  
G Jagadeesh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Climate Change Vulnerability ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Comprehensive Study

India’s overall ranking on the Global Climate Risk Index has been deteriorating in recent years, making it more vulnerable to climate risks. It has been indicated in the literature that climate change is also associated with agrarian distress. However, empirical analyses are scanty on this, especially in the Indian context. In this analytical exercise, we tried to explore the association between farmers’ suicides and climate change vulnerability across Indian states. Using data from various sources, we arrive at an Agrarian Vulnerability Index and juxtaposed that with farmers’ suicide data between 1996 to 2015 collected from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). We noted a strong association between climate change vulnerability and farmers’ suicides. The essence of this analysis is to indicate and understand the broad trends and associations. This research, in the process, informs and presses for a systematic, more comprehensive study with an agenda at micro and meso levels to understand the nuances of this association. Submitted: 01 November 2020; Revised: 11 January 2021; Accepted: 29 April 2021

scholarly journals Exploring Ethnicity in Hospital Patients with COVID-19 in South London

The Physician ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Zatorska ◽  
Niladri Konar ◽  
Pratyasha Saha ◽  
Alice Moseley ◽  
Jessica Denman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Ethnicity was found to be an independent risk factor in COVID-19 outcomes in the UK and the USA during the pandemic surge. London, being in the epicentre and having one of the most ethnically diverse population in the UK, was likely to have experienced a much higher intensity of this phenomenon. Black Asian and Minority ethnic groups were more likely to be admitted, more likely to require admission to intensive care, and more likely to die from COVID-19. We undertook an analysis of a case series to explore the impact of ethnicity in hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19 during the 3 months of the pandemic. Our results demonstrated that although the proportion of Asian and Black patients were representative of the local population distribution, they were much younger. The prevalence of comorbidities was similar but logistic regression analysis showed that male sex (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.9; p=0.02), age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02 - 1.04, p<0.001), those in the ‘Other’ [Odds ratio 1.7 (1.1-2.6) p = 0.01] and ‘Asian’[Odds ratio 1.8 (1.1-2.7) p=0.01], category were at higher risk of death in this cohort. Our results, therefore, are consistent with the overall data from the UK and USA indicating that ethnicity remains a significant additional risk and hence our clinical services must ensure that adequate provision is made to cater to this risk and research must be designed to understand the causes.   

scholarly journals Multilayer, locality aware, telecommunication network deployment algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Luis M. Roman ◽  
Ante Salcedo ◽  
Miguel Alonso Vilchis
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Telecommunication Network ◽  
Voronoi Tessellation ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Iterative Approach ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Sheer Size ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – In this paper we propose an iterative approach for the deployment of rural telecommunication networks. Methodology/approach/design – This approach relies heavily on the concept of locality, prioritizing small ‘cells’ with a considerable population density, and exploits the natural nesting of the distribution of rural communities, focusing in communities which are populous enough to justify the investment required to provide them with connectivity, and whose sheer size promotes the formation of ‘satellite’ communities that could be benefited from the initial investment at a marginal expense. For this approach, the concept of ‘cells’ is paramount, which are constructed iteratively based on the contour of a Voronoi tessellation centered on the community of interest. Once the focal community has been ‘connected’ with network of the previous layer, the process is repeated with less populous communities at each stage until a coverage threshold has been reached. One of the main contributions of this methodology is that it makes every calculation based on ‘street distance’ instead of Euclidean, giving a more realistic approximate of the length of the network and hence the amount of the investment. To test our results, we ran our experiments on two segregated communities in one of the most complicated terrains, due to the mountain chains, in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Findings – The results suggest that the use of ‘street distance’ and a local approach leads to the deployment of a remarkably different network than the standard methodology would imply. Practical implications – The results of this paper might lead to a significant reduction in the costs associated with these kinds of projects and therefore make the democratization of connectivity a reality. In order to make our results reproducible, we make all our code open and publicly available on GitHub.

The Worst of All Worlds

2005 ◽  
Vol 1902 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Eidlin
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Gini Coefficients

Los Angeles, California, is generally considered the archetypal sprawling metropolis. Yet traditional measures equate sprawl with low population density, and Los Angeles is among the densest and thereby the least sprawling cities in the United States. How can this apparent paradox be explained? This paper argues that the answer lies in the fact that Los Angeles exhibits a comparatively even distribution of population throughout its urbanized area. As a result, the city suffers from many consequences of high population density, including extreme traffic congestion, poor air quality, and high housing prices, while offering its residents few benefits that typically accompany this density, including fast and effective public transit, vibrant street life, and tightly knit urban neighborhoods. The city's unique combination of high average population density with little differentiation in the distribution of population might best be characterized as dense sprawl, a condition that embodies the worst of urban and suburban worlds. This paper uses Gini coefficients to illustrate variation in population density and then considers a number of indicators–-most relating either to the provision of transportation infrastructure or to travel behavior–-that demonstrate the effects of low-variation population distribution on the quality of urban life in Los Angeles. This approach offers researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in Los Angeles and in smaller cities that are evolving in similar ways a useful and user-friendly tool for identifying, explaining, measuring, and addressing the most problematic aspects of sprawl.

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