scholarly journals Minimization of Environmental Impact of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluents: Current Practices and Future Perspectives towards Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9288
Author(s):  
Gladys Vidal ◽  
Yenifer González ◽  
Benjamín Piña ◽  
Mayra Jarpa ◽  
Gloria Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Current Practices

Kraft mill effluents are characterized by their content of suspended solids, organic matter and color due to the presence of lignin, lignin derivatives and tannins. Additionally, Kraft mill effluents contain adsorbable organic halogens and wood extractive compounds (resin acids, fatty acids, phytosterol) and show high conductivity due to the chemical compounds used in the digestion process of pulp. Currently, Kraft mills are operating under the concept of a linear economy and, therefore, their effluents are generating serious toxicity effects, detected in daphnia, fish and biosensors. These effluents are treated by activated sludge and moving bed biofilm systems that are unable to remove recalcitrant organic matter, color and biological activity (toxicity) from effluents. Moreover, under climate change, these environmental effects are being exacerbated and some mills have had to stop their operation when the flows of aquatic ecosystems are lower. The aim of this review is to discuss the treatment of Kraft pulp mill effluents and their impact regarding the current practices and future perspectives towards sustainability under climate change. Kraft pulp mill sustainability involves the closure of water circuits in order to recirculate water and reduce the environmental impact, as well as the implementation of advanced technology for these purposes.

Marine fungi isolated from a Kraft pulp mill outfall area

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Churchand ◽  
M. McClaren
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Sample Site ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Fungi Imperfecti

Wood- and leaf-inhabiting marine fungi were collected from two depths near the effluent outlets of a Kraft pulp mill in Howe Sound, British Columbia. Other sites which were not directly affected by pulp mill effluents were also sampled. All groups of fungi grew poorly on baits which rested on the bottom at the mill. At a depth of 30 cm, Phycomycetes were isolated as frequently from the mill as from control sites. Of the Fungi Imperfecti, Monodictys pelagica (Johnson) Jones was isolated more frequently from the mill than from control sites; Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou was isolated less frequently from the mill than from control sites. Phialophora fastigiata (Lagerb. & Melin) Conant was isolated exclusively from the pulp mill station. Ascomycetes were rarely found on panels submerged at the pulp mill.Hydrographic measurements showed that water temperature at the mill sample site was not affected by the effluent. Salinity and pH were generally lower at the pulp mill than at the control site, and may have been partially responsible for the observed distributional differences.

Effluent effects on the nutrient concentrations and growth of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. Petrowskyana L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Patterson ◽  
D S Chanasyk ◽  
M A Naeth ◽  
E. Mapfumo
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents

Using effluent as a source of irrigation water and to provide nutrients for plant growth is gaining favour as an environmentally positive practice instead of discharging effluent into surface water bodies. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate pulp mill wastewater as an irrigation source. This study evaluated the effects of water (TPW), municipal effluent (ME), and Kraft pulp mill effluent (KPME) and waste activated sludge (WAS) at rates of 1.5, 3, and 6 mm d-1 on available soil nutrients, nutrient uptake, and growth of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. petrowskyana L.). Increasing the application rate significantly increased biomass for both crops, but the KPME treatment significantly decreased leaf biomass of the hybrid poplar. Effluent applications did not result in toxic accumulations of nutrients within the analyzed tissues for either reed canarygrass or hybrid poplar. Only the WAS treatment significantly increased soil available concentrations of P, K, S, B, Mn, and Zn. Results of the study found lower irrigation rates of Kraft pulp mill effluents could be used as supplementary source and provide nutrients for reed canarygrass and hybrid poplar. Key words: Biomass, effluent irrigation, hybrid poplar, nutrient concentration, reed canarygrass

Treatment of real industrial wastewaters through nano-TiO2 and nano-Fe2O3 photocatalysis: case study of mining and kraft pulp mill effluents

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1586-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nogueira ◽  
I. Lopes ◽  
T. A. P. Rocha-Santos ◽  
F. Gonçalves ◽  
R. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents

Characterization of thermophilic aerobic granular sludge for the treatment of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7191-7206
Author(s):  
Rafles Anselmo da Mata ◽  
Ismarley Lage Horta Morais ◽  
Claudio Mudadu Silva
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Aerobic Granular Sludge ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Aerobic Sludge

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical characteristics of the thermophilic granular aerobic sludge used in the treatment of bleached kraft pulp mill effluents. Four sequential batch reactors (SBRs) were operated with cycles of 12 hours. Reactor (R1-FSR) with flocculent sludge was used as control. The other three reactors (R2-GSR, R3-GSR+100, and R4-GSR+200) were operated with granular aerobic sludge. Concentrations 100 and 200 mg. L-1 of calcium were applied in the R3-GSR+100 and R4-GSR+200, respectively. The pH was maintained in the neutral range in all reactors. The experimental plan was carried out for 490-day period, in 5 phases at different temperatures of 35 °C to 55 ºC. All SBRs showed COD removal efficiency above 60% in all temperature ranges. The granule average diameter in the R2-GSR, R3-GSR+100, and R4-GSR+200 ranged from 5 to 8 mm. The reactor R3-GS+100 showed better stability due to the addition of 100 mg. L-1 of calcium. The granular sludge sedimentation velocity was 40 m.h-¹, which was eight times higher than the flocculent sludge. Thermophilic treatment (55 °C) using aerobic granular sludge proved to be a promising way for treating bleached kraft pulp mill effluent without a prior cooling process.

New Methods for Reducing the Toxicity of Kraft Mill Bleachery Wastes to Young Salmon

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Betts ◽  
G. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Kraft Mill

Kraft pulp mill bleachery effluents and those from the unbleached screening operation were tested, separately and in combination in the proportions as they would exist in the main effluent of a particular mill, for toxicity to young Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.The bleachery component from the chlorination stage, tested under neutral pH conditions, was considerably more toxic than the other components.Major reductions in the toxicity of the chlorination stage component were accomplished by treating it with small quantities of sulphur dioxide. Lesser but still appreciable toxicity reductions were observed in the whole effluent when the chlorination component was thus treated before combination with the other components.The toxicities of laboratory-produced filtrates from certain modified first-stage (chlorination) bleaching procedures were also evaluated. Notably, much less toxic filtrates resulted when substantial mixtures of chlorine dioxide and chlorine were substituted for the normal chlorine dosage in the first bleaching stage.A number of other treatments, methods, and their relative effectiveness are discussed.

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