scholarly journals Willingness to Pay for Crowdfunding Local Agricultural Climate Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9227
Author(s):  
Per Espen Stoknes ◽  
Olav B. Soldal ◽  
Sissel Hansen ◽  
Ingvar Kvande ◽  
Sylvia Weddegjerde Skjelderup
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Funding Mechanism ◽  
Mitigation Projects

The recent rise in climate concern among citizens worldwide is coinciding with a rising interest in agricultural climate solutions. The future scaling-up of these solutions, however, requires more knowledge about the mitigation potential, costs and financing options, including crowdfunding (CF). Our objective is to explore the driving factors behind the public’s willingness to pay for crowdfunded climate mitigation projects at the farm level. In this study, four mitigation options from the perspective of farmers were identified: solar panels on the barn roof, biogas from animal manure, drag hoses for improved manure dispersal, and the addition of biochar to soils. The study investigates the optimal characteristics of crowdfunding campaigns to finance such mitigation measures. The most influential factors on the respondents’ WTP is neither climate concern nor proximity, but instead the knowledge regarding CF, combined with how comprehensible and salient the suggested measure is. The main implications are that future projects that aim to achieve broad participation in CF campaigns need to communicate well, to improve both public knowledge of the funding mechanism (CF) itself and the comprehensibility and salience of the agricultural measure.

scholarly journals Efficiency stagnation in global steel production urges joint supply- and demand-side mitigation efforts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Morten Ryberg ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Kuishuang Feng ◽  
Sami Kara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Demand Side

AbstractSteel production is a difficult-to-mitigate sector that challenges climate mitigation commitments. Efforts for future decarbonization can benefit from understanding its progress to date. Here we report on greenhouse gas emissions from global steel production over the past century (1900-2015) by combining material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. We find that ~45 Gt steel was produced in this period leading to emissions of ~147 Gt CO2-eq. Significant improvement in process efficiency (~67%) was achieved, but was offset by a 44-fold increase in annual steel production, resulting in a 17-fold net increase in annual emissions. Despite some regional technical improvements, the industry’s decarbonization progress at the global scale has largely stagnated since 1995 mainly due to expanded production in emerging countries with high carbon intensity. Our analysis of future scenarios indicates that the expected demand expansion in these countries may jeopardize steel industry’s prospects for following 1.5 °C emission reduction pathways. To achieve the Paris climate goals, there is an urgent need for rapid implementation of joint supply- and demand-side mitigation measures around the world in consideration of regional conditions.

On the climate change mitigation potential of CO2 conversion to fuels

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2491-2499 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Carlos Abanades ◽  
Edward S. Rubin ◽  
Marco Mazzotti ◽  
Howard J. Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Co2 Conversion ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Change Mitigation

Proposed utilization schemes producing liquid fuels from captured CO2 offer fewer climate mitigation benefits at higher costs than alternative systems.

scholarly journals Terrestrial Vertebrate Biodiversity Loss under Future Global Land Use Change Scenarios

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Chaudhary ◽  
Arne Mooers
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Development ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Diversity Loss ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Efficient forward-looking mitigation measures are needed to halt the global biodiversity decline. These require spatially explicit scenarios of expected changes in multiple indicators of biodiversity under future socio-economic and environmental conditions. Here, we link six future (2050 and 2100) global gridded maps (0.25° × 0.25° resolution) available from the land use harmonization (LUH) database, representing alternative concentration pathways (RCP) and shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs), with the countryside species–area relationship model to project the future land use change driven rates of species extinctions and phylogenetic diversity loss (in million years) for mammals, birds, and amphibians in each of the 804 terrestrial ecoregions and 176 countries and compare them with the current (1900–2015) and past (850–1900) rates of biodiversity loss. Future land-use changes are projected to commit an additional 209–818 endemic species and 1190–4402 million years of evolutionary history to extinction by 2100 depending upon the scenario. These estimates are driven by land use change only and would likely be higher once the direct effects of climate change on species are included. Among the three taxa, highest diversity loss is projected for amphibians. We found that the most aggressive climate mitigation scenario (RCP2.6 SSP-1), representing a world shifting towards a radically more sustainable path, including increasing crop yields, reduced meat production, and reduced tropical deforestation coupled with high trade, projects the lowest land use change driven global biodiversity loss. The results show that hotspots of future biodiversity loss differ depending upon the scenario, taxon, and metric considered. Future extinctions could potentially be reduced if habitat preservation is incorporated into national development plans, especially for biodiverse, low-income countries such as Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Philippines, and The Democratic Republic of Congo that are otherwise projected to suffer a high number of land use change driven extinctions under all scenarios.

I Play, I Pay?

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Han
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Perceived Playfulness ◽  
New Business ◽  
Marketing Activities

The user’s willingness to pay has become one of the most important success factors of hedonic social network site new business models and social media marketing activities. In the current study, the author investigates the influential factors of the user’s willingness to pay from the hedonic system use theories and the social capital based view. The author finds that the user’s perceived playfulness, which is considered a critical factor by practitioners, has no significant positive effect on the user’s willingness to pay. Along with other findings, the author has a further discussion on the fun-based business model development. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the future HSNS economic value research and offers several implications to practitioners.

Identifying attributes associated with brown bear (Ursus arctos) road-crossing and roadkill sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Find’o ◽  
M. Skuban ◽  
M. Kajba ◽  
J. Chalmers ◽  
M. Kalaš
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Landscape Permeability ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Collision Model ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Road Crossing ◽  
Selection Of

Habitat fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure is an issue of growing concern worldwide. We show how secondary roads may affect landscape permeability for brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758). We focused on identifying environmental variables that govern the selection of road-crossing zones by bears (crossing model). We also investigated whether variables that characterize road-crossing zones differ from those that are typical for bear–vehicle collision sites (collision model). The study area was located in north-central Slovakia. To identify road-crossing sites, we used the GPS fixes of 27 bears and identified 35 bear–vehicle collision sites from a different data set. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to model resource selection at road-crossing sites and to compare bear-crossing sites with bear-kill sites. The crossing model showed that the traffic volume with distance to forest and grassland were the most influential factors in bear selection of road-crossing sites. Results of the collision model indicated that successful road crossings by bears were located at different road sections from vehicle collisions, which differed by a traffic volume of 5000 vehicles/24 h. The outcomes of this study can facilitate improved mitigation measures on secondary roads.

scholarly journals Risk Perception on Haze Pollution and Willingness to Pay for Self-Protection and Haze Management in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Sukanya Sereenonchai ◽  
Noppol Arunrat ◽  
Duangporn Kamnoonwatana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Chiang Mai Province ◽  
Self Protection

Air pollution is an important environmental health risk that affects people worldwide, including those in the Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. A questionnaire survey based on accidental sampling to explore risk perception and willingness to pay (WTP) for self-protection and haze management was conducted via face-to-face interview of 250 households, in one urban and four rural areas (covering one rural plain and three different levels of highland areas). Data were analyzed using the contingent valuation method, a one-way ANOVA, correlation, and stepwise multiple linear regression. Key findings on risk perception found that urban respondents living in the lowest areas were more familiar with and experienced more effects from serious haze, while having the least trust in the local authority’s management to cope with the situation. Influential factors determining familiarity and effect for people in most areas were their harm and severe haze experiences. Comparing WTP for a mask, an air purifier, and local authorities support, respondents in all areas were mainly willing to pay for a mask; this was influenced by various factors. The highest average price of willingness to pay was found in the urban area. The important significant factors that increased WTP for self-protection of urban respondents was severe haze experience, while rural respondents who had a longer stay duration, including married farmers in highland areas with less education, tended to have less WTP for self-protection but more WTP for haze management. Avoiding crop residue burning is the first strategy that should be used to deal with haze pollution. Early burning schedules of the highland people should be formally announced, and prompt risk communication should be implemented by local and central authorities and media practitioners.

scholarly journals Comparing poroelastostatics and poroelastodynamics: Numerics, solvers and algorithms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumik Dana
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Enhanced Geothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Time Marching ◽  
Mitigation Projects

Understanding the causality between the events leading upto and post fault slip and the earthquake recording is important for seismic design and monitoring of underground structures, bridges and reinforced concrete buildings as well as climate mitigation projects like carbon sequestration and energy technologies like enhanced geothermal systems or oilfield wastewater disposal. While the events leading upto fault slip are typically governed by poroelastostatics, the events post fault slip can easily transition into poroelastodynamics territory due to runaway fault slip velocities. There are marked differences in the numerics of poroelastostatics and poroelastodynamics, and a simple switch from one algorithm to another based on fault slip velocities is not trivial. In fact, an understanding of expected fault slip velocities is critical apriori, as an algorithm which can seamlessly transition from time marching in poroelastostatics realm to poroelastodynamics realm and vice-versa is extremely difficult to achieve. We present the numerics of both physics and point out the differences between the two in this work.

scholarly journals Reversals of Reforestation Across Latin America Limit Climate Mitigation Potential of Tropical Forests

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi B. Schwartz ◽  
T. Mitchell Aide ◽  
Jordan Graesser ◽  
H. Ricardo Grau ◽  
María Uriarte
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Potential

scholarly journals Historical and future changes in air pollutants from CMIP6 models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven T. Turnock ◽  
Robert J. Allen ◽  
Martin Andrews ◽  
Susanne E. Bauer ◽  
Louisa Emmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Natural Emission ◽  
Surface O3

Abstract. Poor air quality is currently responsible for large impacts on human health across the world. In addition, the air pollutants, ozone (O3) and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), are also radiatively active in the atmosphere and can influence Earth’s climate. It is important to understand the effect of air quality and climate mitigation measures over the historical period and in different future scenarios to ascertain any impacts from air pollutants on both climate and human health. The 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) presents an opportunity to analyse the change in air pollutants simulated by the current generation of climate and Earth system models that include a representation of chemistry and aerosols (particulate matter). The shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) used within CMIP6 encompass a wide range of trajectories in precursor emissions and climate change, allowing for an improved analysis of future changes to air pollutants. Firstly, we conduct an evaluation of the available CMIP6 models against surface observations of O3 and PM2.5. CMIP6 models show a consistent overestimation of observed surface O3 concentrations across most regions and in most seasons, with a large diversity in simulated values over northern hemisphere continental regions. Conversely, observed surface PM2.5 concentrations are consistently underestimated by CMIP6 models, particularly for the northern hemisphere winter months, with the largest model diversity near natural emission source regions. Over the historical period (1850–2014) large increases in both surface O3 and PM2.5 are simulated by the CMIP6 models across all regions, particularly over the mid to late 20th Century when anthropogenic emissions increase markedly. Large regional historical changes are simulated for both pollutants, across East and South Asia, with an increase of up to 40 ppb for O3 and 12 µg m-3 for PM2.5. In future scenarios containing strong air quality and climate mitigation measures (ssp126), air pollutants are substantially reduced across all regions by up to 15 ppb for O3 and 12 µg m-3 for PM2.5. However, for scenarios that encompass weak action on mitigating climate and reducing air pollutant emissions (ssp370), increases of both surface O3 (up 10 ppb) and PM2.5 (up to 8 µg m-3) are simulated across most regions. Although, for regions like North America and Europe small reductions in PM2.5 are simulated in this scenario. A comparison of simulated regional changes in both surface O3 and PM2.5 from individual CMIP6 models highlights important differences due to the interaction of aerosols, chemistry, climate and natural emission sources within models. The prediction of regional air pollutant concentrations from the latest climate and Earth system models used within CMIP6 shows that the particular future trajectory of climate and air quality mitigation measures could have important consequences for regional air quality, human health and near-term climate. Differences between individual models emphasises the importance of understanding how future Earth system feedbacks influence natural emission sources.

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