scholarly journals Design and Development of a Variable Rate Applicator for Real-Time Application of Fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8694
Author(s):  
Hasan Mirzakhaninafchi ◽  
Manjeet Singh ◽  
Vishal Bector ◽  
Om P. Gupta ◽  
Rajvir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Drive Shaft ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Motor ◽  
Variable Rate Technology ◽  
To Receive

Variable rate technology offers a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective solution for fertilizer application. A study was conducted to design and develop a variable rate fertilizer applicator to detect real-time deficiency of N within the field and apply it per requirement of the crop. The microcontroller system was designed to receive a signal from the N sensor and send a signal to the pulse-width-modulation valve to vary the rotational speed of the hydraulic motor resulting in variation in the rotation of the metering mechanism drive shaft based on the recommended amount of fertilizer. During the field study, three replications were conducted, each of which was divided into four plots. The response time between the N sensing and fertilizer discharging fell within the range of 3.49 to 4.90 s. Fertilizer applied using the developed variable rate applicator indicated that when the fertilizer rate is increased from N1 to N4 (kg ha−1), NDVI increased from 0.56 to 0.78 and drive shaft rotational speed decreased from 20 to 0 rpm in order to apply the fertilizer at a rate of 0.00 instead of 78.36 kg ha−1. Using the developed applicator demonstrates that this technology could reduce environmental impact, making farming more sustainable.

A Variable Rate Fertilization System Based on ARM and its Realization

2013 ◽  
Vol 303-306 ◽  
pp. 1465-1469
Author(s):  
Ying Jie Yu ◽  
Zhen Yang Ge ◽  
Shu Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Stepper Motor ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Application System ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
Arm Microprocessor ◽  
Photoelectric Encoder ◽  
Fertilization System ◽  
Manual Mode

A variable rate fertilizer application system with ARM microprocessor as control core was developed. The structure and realization principle of the system were introduced. The system consists of two velocity sensors of photoelectric encoder and proximity transducer, an ARM controller, and an executive unit of stepper motor. The system has automatic and manual variable rate fertilization modes. In the automatic mode, the system can be positioned automatically without GPS, and controls the stepping motor’s rotational speed according to the fertilizing amount in different grid to realize variable rate fertilization. In the manual mode, the controller combines the fertilizing amount in different grid input manually through the keys with the velocity of the applicator, and calculates the stepping motor’s rotational speed to realize the variable rate fertilizer application. The applicator working status can be seen in LCD on the controller. The experimental results show that the system can work properly.

scholarly journals GPS and Sensor Based Technologies in Variable Rate Fertilizer Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sai Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Grid Points

With an average consumption of 165.8 kg per hectare, India stands as the third-largest producer and consumer of fertilizer in the world. Farmers practice traditional methods to apply fertilizers uniformly throughout the field. This uniform and constant rate application of fertilizer is inefficient and mostly leads to over-fertilizing certain areas and at the same time, under-fertilizing others, not meeting the actual nutrient demand. Variable-rate fertilizer application (VRFA) is the process of applying various rates of crop nutrients by synchronizing existing machinery with mechatronics according to the variability within any agricultural field. One such effort are to be made to develop VRFA systems to meet the soil and plant needs. A variable rate fertilizer application (VRFA) system based on a digital map was developed in Kharagpur and achieved an appreciable target application rate at selected grid points (Chandel et al., 2016). The system was effective, accurate and showed quick response to target application rates with a negligible time lag. The coefficient of variation at all the outlets was in the range of 11.7–15.0 percent. The system was able to meet the target fertilizer application rate with a variation of up to 15 percent for a grid resolution of 8×8 m. Another VRFA system was developed for controlling the amount of fertilizer that works by measuring the NDVI of crops using an optical sensor (Zhang et al. 2014). This type of VRFA system does not use prescription maps but relies on sensors to provide real-time crop detection. The coefficient of variation was ranging from 0.35 to 2.67 percent and elapsed a response time of less than 0.875 s. The system helps in maintaining desired application rate by making real-time adjustments with on-the-go monitoring. It is revealed that the use of VRFA system helped to improve input use efficiency and decrease the negative effect on the environment. Thus, it is a promising technology through which the performance of a unit area could be tracked, mapped and analyzed. Also, the farmer will be able to know the exact production of each part of the field.

Real Time Implementation of Speed Control of PMLSM with Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation using dSPACE

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
B. Arundhati ◽  
◽  
K. Alice Mary ◽  
Surya Kalavathi M ◽  
K. Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Speed Control ◽  
Space Vector

scholarly journals Modeling Fused Filament Fabrication using Artificial Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Oehlmann ◽  
Paul Osswald ◽  
Juan Camilo Blanco ◽  
Martin Friedrich ◽  
Dominik Rietzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

AbstractWith industries pushing towards digitalized production, adaption to expectations and increasing requirements for modern applications, has brought additive manufacturing (AM) to the forefront of Industry 4.0. In fact, AM is a main accelerator for digital production with its possibilities in structural design, such as topology optimization, production flexibility, customization, product development, to name a few. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a widespread and practical tool for rapid prototyping that also demonstrates the importance of AM technologies through its accessibility to the general public by creating cost effective desktop solutions. An increasing integration of systems in an intelligent production environment also enables the generation of large-scale data to be used for process monitoring and process control. Deep learning as a form of artificial intelligence (AI) and more specifically, a method of machine learning (ML) is ideal for handling big data. This study uses a trained artificial neural network (ANN) model as a digital shadow to predict the force within the nozzle of an FFF printer using filament speed and nozzle temperatures as input data. After the ANN model was tested using data from a theoretical model it was implemented to predict the behavior using real-time printer data. For this purpose, an FFF printer was equipped with sensors that collect real time printer data during the printing process. The ANN model reflected the kinematics of melting and flow predicted by models currently available for various speeds of printing. The model allows for a deeper understanding of the influencing process parameters which ultimately results in the determination of the optimum combination of process speed and print quality.

scholarly journals Cost-Effective Real-Time Metabolic Profiling of Cancer Cell Lines for Plate-Based Assays

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Blaszczak ◽  
Zhengchu Tan ◽  
Pawel Swietach
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Oxygen Utilization

A fundamental phenotype of cancer cells is their metabolic profile, which is routinely described in terms of glycolytic and respiratory rates. Various devices and protocols have been designed to quantify glycolysis and respiration from the rates of acid production and oxygen utilization, respectively, but many of these approaches have limitations, including concerns about their cost-ineffectiveness, inadequate normalization procedures, or short probing time-frames. As a result, many methods for measuring metabolism are incompatible with cell culture conditions, particularly in the context of high-throughput applications. Here, we present a simple plate-based approach for real-time measurements of acid production and oxygen depletion under typical culture conditions that enable metabolic monitoring for extended periods of time. Using this approach, it is possible to calculate metabolic fluxes and, uniquely, describe the system at steady-state. By controlling the conditions with respect to pH buffering, O2 diffusion, medium volume, and cell numbers, our workflow can accurately describe the metabolic phenotype of cells in terms of molar fluxes. This direct measure of glycolysis and respiration is conducive for between-runs and even between-laboratory comparisons. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we characterize the phenotype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines and measure their response to a switch of metabolic substrate and the presence of metabolic inhibitors. In summary, the method can deliver a robust appraisal of metabolism in cell lines, with applications in drug screening and in quantitative studies of metabolic regulation.

scholarly journals Traceable Air Baggage Handling System Based on RFID Tags in the Airport

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Yuanxin Ouyang ◽  
Yang He
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Rfid Tags ◽  
Handling System ◽  
International Airport ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Baggage Handling

The RFID is not only a feasible, novel, and cost-effective candidate for daily object identification but it is also considered as a significant tool to provide traceable visibility along different stages of the aviation supply chain. In the air baggage handing application, the RFID tags are used to enhance the ability for baggage tracking, dispatching and conveyance so as to improve the management efficiency and the users’ satisfaction. We surveyed current related work and introduce the IATA RP1740c protocol used for the standard to recognize the baggage tags. One distributed aviation baggage traceable application is designed based on the RFID networks. We describe the RFID-based baggage tracking experiment in the BCIA (Beijing Capital International Airport). In this experiment the tags are sealed in the printed baggage label and the RFID readers are fixed in the certain interested positions of the BHS in the Terminal 2. We measure the accurate recognition rate and monitor the baggage’s real-time situation on the monitor’s screen. Through the analysis of the measured results within two months we emphasize the advantage of the adoption of RFID tags in this high noisy BHS environment. The economical benefits achieved by the extensive deployment of RFID in the baggage handing system are also outlined.

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