scholarly journals Understanding the Effect of Traffic Congestion on Accidents Using Big Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7500
Author(s):  
Santiago Sánchez González ◽  
Felipe Bedoya-Maya ◽  
Agustina Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
San Salvador

Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of traffic accidents are a key determinant in their mitigation. This article leverages big data and a Poisson model with fixed effects to understand the causality of traffic congestion on road accidents in ten cities in Latin America: Bogota, Buenos Aires, Lima, Mexico City, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, San Salvador, Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Sao Paulo. Analyzing over 10 billion observations in 2019, results show a positive non-linear causality of congestion on the number of accidents. Overall, the results suggest that a 10% reduction in traffic delay would reduce accidents by 3.4%, equivalent to over 72 thousand traffic accidents. Sao Paulo and Mexico City would be particularly benefited, with reductions of 5.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The results of this paper aim to support policymakers in emerging economies in implementing measures to reduce congestion and, with it, the related direct and indirect costs borne by societies.

Congestión urbana en América Latina y el Caribe: Características, costos y mitigación

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Calatayud ◽  
Santiago Sánchez González ◽  
Felipe Bedoya Maya ◽  
Francisca Giraldez ◽  
José María Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
San Salvador ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
America Latina

Este documento presenta el primer análisis exhaustivo para la región acerca las características y costos de la congestión urbana en América Latina y el Caribe, con resultados para las áreas metropolitanas de Bogotá (Colombia), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Ciudad de México (México), Lima (Perú), Montevideo (Uruguay), Río de Janeiro (Brasil), San Salvador (El Salvador), Santiago (Chile), Santo Domingo (República Dominicana) y Sao Paulo (Brasil). Utiliza big data y ciencia de datos para elucidar la dinámica de la congestión en cada ciudad y sus costos directos e indirectos para la sociedad. Con el fin de mitigar estos impactos, el documento reúne cinco grupos de medidas de política pública: (i) instrumentos de gestión de tráfico; (ii) políticas que restringen el uso del vehículo particular; (iii) políticas que promueven el uso del transporte público, el transporte activo y el transporte compartido; (iv) planificación integrada de la movilidad y el uso del suelo; y (v) políticas para la gestión de la logística urbana. Concluye con recomendaciones sobre las medidas más adecuadas y la secuenciación de las mismas para reducir la congestión en las grandes ciudades y las megaciudades de la región.

The avoidable health effects of air pollution in three Latin American cities: Santiago, São Paulo, and Mexico City

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Bell ◽  
Devra L. Davis ◽  
Nelson Gouveia ◽  
Víctor H. Borja-Aburto ◽  
Luis A. Cifuentes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
American Cities

Where should I be located? Entrepreneurial clustering in Mexico City and São Paulo

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 10271
Author(s):  
Juliette Anne Rault ◽  
Gilberto Sarfati
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo

scholarly journals DP 0256 - Judicial attitudes under shifting jurisprudence: evidence from Brazil's new drug law of 2006

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Alexandre Samy de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Drug Law ◽  
Drug Offenses ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Bar Association

This paper exploits the diversity of panels at the court of appeals in the state of São Paulo to address the role of career backgrounds and ideology in shaping the response of judicial decisions to a major shift in jurisprudence on drug offenses. The Brazilian constitution reserves 80% of the seats in appellate courts to career judges, 10% to lawyers and 10% to prosecutors. In practice however, vacancies in panels coupled with backlogs have significantly increased participation of judges sitting by designation in appellate panels - who acted as rapporteurs in as much as 14% of all criminal appeals in São Paulo, between 2009-2013. Former lawyers and prosecutors are appointed by the state governor after nomination processes at the bar association and at the ministerial office. Judges sitting by designation are chosen at the discretion of the court’s highest council and do not retain prerogatives of tenured appellate judges and are typically hired with the purpose of reducing backlogs. Their performance affects their chances of being promoted to the court of appeals, relatively to similar judges that have not been designated. Based on a large dataset of criminal appeals related to drug offenses in the State São Paulo, Brazil, this study exploits the exogenous assignment of cases to rapporteurs, to identify the causal effects of career backgrounds on the response of appellate judges to a major shift in drug jurisprudence, which revoked the prohibition of conversion of confinement punishment in drug offenses introduced by the new drug law of 2006. Estimates of treatment-effects, conditional on case characteristics and panel-specific fixed-effects, confirm that career judges respond favorably to defendants, in line with the jurisprudence shift. Former prosecutors react against the shift, responding unfavorably to defendants. Former lawyers tend to exhibit a mixed behavior, weighing in their preferences as well as strategically favoring predominant “law and order” views. Finally sitting judges behave in a diffident fashion but also favoring prosecution.

scholarly journals Paisagem urbana, espaços públicos e a gestão territorial em cidades médias paulistas: reflexões a partir de São Carlos, SP, Brasil

Terr Plural ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Bovo Peres ◽  
Sandra Regina Mota Silva ◽  
Luciana Bongiovanni Martins Schenk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Paulo State

This paper discusses the relationships between urban landscape, public spaces, and territorial management in one medium-sized city of São Paulo state. Three sets of approach are outlined: the establishment of parameters for the characterization of the medium-sized cities of São Paulo; the specific context of São Carlos, with biophysical characteristics conjugated with the socio-spatial dynamics of development and expansion; and the challenges and perspectives in the configuration and management of public spaces and urban landscapes. It is intended to reflect on articulations between the fields of landscape and urban planning and indicate applications to the studied context, with integrations between design, instruments, legislation, and public policies.

scholarly journals Paisagem urbana, espaços públicos e a gestão territorial em cidades médias paulistas: reflexões a partir de São Carlos, SP, Brasil

Terr Plural ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
Renata Bovo Peres ◽  
Sandra Regina Mota Silva ◽  
Luciana Bongiovanni Martins Schenk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Paulo State

This paper discusses the relationships between urban landscape, public spaces, and territorial management in one medium-sized city of São Paulo state. Three sets of approach are outlined: the establishment of parameters for the characterization of the medium-sized cities of São Paulo; the specific context of São Carlos, with biophysical characteristics conjugated with the socio-spatial dynamics of development and expansion; and the challenges and perspectives in the configuration and management of public spaces and urban landscapes. It is intended to reflect on articulations between the fields of landscape and urban planning and indicate applications to the studied context, with integrations between design, instruments, legislation, and public policies.

scholarly journals CORRELAÇÕES GENÉTICAS, FENOTÍPICAS E DE AMBIENTE ENTRE OS PESOS DE VÁRIAS IDADES EM BOVINOS DA RAÇA GUZERÁ NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. M. MALHADO ◽  
J. C. SOUZA ◽  
L. O. C. SILVA ◽  
P. B. FERRAZ FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Mixing Models ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Environmental Correlation ◽  
Environmental Correlations

Este trabalho tem como finalidade estudar as correlações genéticas, fenotípicas e de ambientes sobre os pesos de animais da raça Guzerá, criados no estado de São Paulo, aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idade. Para realização das análises estatísticas, utilizouse da metodologia de modelos mistos, programa MTDFREML. O modelo estatístico continha os efeitos aleatórios de animal, touro, vaca e o erro; e, como efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo (fazenda, sexo, estação: (água e seca), mês e ano de nascimento do bezerro) e a covariável idade da vaca ao parto (quadrática). As correlações genética foram iguais a 0,75, entre os P205 e P365; 0,61, entre os P205 e P550 e 0,65, entre os P365 e P550. A correlação de ambiente entre os P205 e P365 foi 0,44; para o P205 e P550 foi 0,49; entre P365 e P550 foi 0,66. Os valores obtidos para as correlações fenotípica foram 0,59, 0,42 e 0,65 entre os P205 e P365; P205 e P550; P365 e P550; respectivamente. Os valores obtidos para as correlações genéticas indicam que a seleção para peso em idades jovens deverá promover mudanças nos pesos posteriores de um mesmo animal, apontando que a seleção poderá ser realizada em idades mais jovens. Genetic, phenotypical and environmental correlations between weight and age in the State of Paulo bovines from the guzera breed Abstract The main purpose of the present research work is centered in the study of genetic, phenotypical and environmental correlations regarding the weight of Guzera breed bovines at 205, 365 and 550 days of age. Statistical analysis was carried out by the methodology of mixing models, programs MTDFREML, the statistical model containing the aleatory effects of the animal, sire, cow and the error, and as fixed effects of contemporary group - farm, sex, season, water and drought, the year of birth of the calf, and the covariable age of dam. The genetic correlations was found to be equal do 0.75, 0.61 and 0.65, between P295 and P365. P205 and P550, and P365 and P550, respectively. The environmental correlation between P205 and P365, P205 and P550, and P365 and P550 was 0.44, 0.49 and 0.66, respectively. The phenotypical correlation between P205 and P365, P205 and P550, and P365 and P550 was of 0.59, 0.42, and 0.65, respectively. The values found for the genetic correlations indicate the possibility to select the animals, taking their weight as a parameter, earlier during their life.

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