scholarly journals Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7193
Author(s):  
Jiyeon Choi ◽  
Baekyung Park ◽  
Jinsun Kim ◽  
Soyoung Lee ◽  
Jichul Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Total Phosphorous ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study aimed to estimate pollutant unit loads for different landuses and pollutants that reflected long-term runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants and recent environmental changes. During 2008–2014, 2026 rainfall events were monitored. The average values of antecedent dry days, total rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, runoff duration, and runoff coefficient for each landuse were 3.8–5.9 d, 35.2–65.0 mm, 2.9–4.1 mm/h, 12.5–20.4 h, 12.4–27.9 h, and 0.24–0.45, respectively. Uplands (UL) exhibited high suspended solids (SS, 606.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (TN, 7.38 mg/L), and total phosphorous (TP, 2.27 mg/L) levels, whereas the runoff coefficient was high in the building sites (BS), with a high impervious surface ratio. The event mean concentration (EMC) for biological oxygen demand (BOD) was the highest in BS (8.0 mg/L), while the EMC was the highest in BS (in the rainfall range <10 mm) and UL and forest land (in the rainfall range >50 mm). The unit loads for BOD (1.49–17.76 kg/km2·d), TN (1.462–10.147 kg/km2·d), TP (0.094–1.435 kg/km2·d), and SS (15.20–327.70 kg/km2·d) were calculated. The findings can be used to manage NPS pollutants and watershed environments and implement relevant associated management systems.

Surface-groundwater interactions in karst: overview, concept and mapping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Ravbar ◽  
Cyril Mayaud ◽  
Matej Blatnik ◽  
Metka Petrič
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Karst Aquifers ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Ecohydrological Processes

&lt;p&gt;Under special meteorological and hydrological circumstances, shallow karst areas and karst poljes may experience surface water overflow. As a result, surface- groundwater interaction occurs usually creating intermittent lakes. Although human settlements and activities have traditionally adapted to these natural conditions, extensive temporary floods are classified among the most common natural disasters in karst. On the other hand, intermittent lakes are considered as natural reservoirs of excess recharge and good flood regulators in the lower parts of river basins. Due to specific ecohydrological processes and environmental conditions, these areas host unique wetland ecosystems with high levels of biodiversity and provide various ecosystem services, such as ecological productivity, photosynthesis and carbon storage. Given the dynamic nature of hydrological processes in karst aquifers, a distinctive feature of the phenomena described is its high variability of occurrence and duration. Therefore, the identification, characterization as well as the determination of the spatial dimension of flood levels is a challenging task. Focusing on the Slovenian karst, a literature review and analysis of topographical and hydrological data of the selected study areas was conducted. The hydrological analyses were based on long-term monitoring data from Slovenian Environmental Agency and partly on the authors' own database of field measurements and knowledge of the areas concerned. Consequently, the conceptual framework and the key criterion for the determination and recording of areas subject to temporary flooding were developed. A systematic survey reveals the significance of the extent, duration and frequency of flooding. Evaluation results are useful to designers of various water policies and management mechanisms for flood mitigation and protection of special habitats. Observing trends in the spatial and temporal dynamics of flood levels is also valuable for understanding how and to what extent karst aquifers are vulnerable to environmental changes. Finally, the analyses also enable prediction of the effects of these changes on other parts of the environment (e.g., hydrophilic habitats).&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Determination of inundation areas within karst poljes and intermittent lakes for the purposes of ephemeral flood mapping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataša Ravbar ◽  
Cyril Mayaud ◽  
Matej Blatnik ◽  
Metka Petrič
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Karst Environment ◽  
Karst Areas ◽  
Special Challenge ◽  
National Networks ◽  
Specific Definition

AbstractThe karst environment presents a special challenge when it comes to identifying groundwater/surface-water interactions. Existing definitions of areas of regular flooding in karst regions are too general and lack a measurable approach for the determination of flood-liable land. This paper proposes a means of specific definition and quantitative determination of intermittently flooded karst areas, which takes into account the extent, duration and frequency of flooding, and includes the identification of data sources and processing methods. The procedure, involving spatial layers, was developed using a pilot area and tested in three additional areas in Slovenia. The derived definition determines that flood-liable land within karst poljes and intermittent lakes comprise areas where stagnant water or stream overflow is present for at least 10 days/year over a period of 30 years, and these waters have direct contact with groundwater. The results show that the proposed procedure is applicable to areas with different geomorphological settings and to areas where the quantity and quality of available data vary. The study is an example of the practical application of knowledge on karst, as the findings can be used for short-term purposes (mapping flood areas, determination of habitats) and long-term purposes (study of impacts of environmental changes). Attention should be drawn to the lack of available data and the fact that the national networks of hydrological observatories are often too sparse for this purpose. This study raises awareness of these shortcomings and improves the planning or expansion of such a network in collaboration with experts.

Diffuse pollution monitoring and modelling of small urban watershed in Brazil Cerrado

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1912-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Tsuji ◽  
M. E. L. Costa ◽  
S. Koide
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Urban Watershed ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract The stormwater runoff carries different pollutants that can reduce the quality of receiving waters due to diffuse pollutant loads. This research was aimed at evaluating the concentration of pollutants in stormwater and the application of SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) to an urban catchment in Lake Paranoá watershed to carry out the simulation of flow discharge with the hydraulic model, and subsequently to estimate the loads conveyed to the lake in ordinary events of precipitation. This study was carried out based on rainfall and runoff monitoring during events. It was confirmed that this model's results fit well in simulation of this type of watershed, leading to high value of the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient after calibration but, as expected, precipitation distribution is a very important factor for calibration. Concerning water quality, it was observed that the event mean concentration values of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand were high, indicating that the diffuse pollution is an important source of pollution of the receiving waters. The monitoring and modelling of stormwater are essential to identify diffuse pollution discharge, in searching for a sustainable solution.

scholarly journals Honey as an indicator of long-term environmental changes: MP-AES analysis coupled with 14C-based age determination of Hungarian honey samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 736 ◽  
pp. 139686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Varga ◽  
Zsófi Sajtos ◽  
Zita Gajdos ◽  
A.J. Timothy Jull ◽  
Mihály Molnár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Age Determination

scholarly journals Influences of rainfall variables and antecedent discharge on urban effluent concentrations and loads in wet weather

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1584-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuxin Xu ◽  
Lijun Xiong ◽  
Huaizheng Li ◽  
Zhengliang Liao ◽  
Hailong Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Discharge Volume ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Mean Concentration

For storm drainages inappropriately connected with sewage, wet weather discharge is a major factor that adversely affects receiving waters. A study of the wet weather influences of rainfall-discharge variables on storm drainages connected with sewage was conducted in the downtown Shanghai area (374 ha). Two indicators, event mean concentration (EMC) and event pollutant load per unit area (EPL), were used to describe the pollution discharge during 20 rain events. The study showed that the total rainfall and discharge volume were important factors that affect the EMCs and EPLs of the chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and especially those of NH4+-N. The pollutant concentrations at the beginning of the discharge and the discharge period were also major factors that influence the EMCs of these three pollutants. Regression relationships between the rainfall-discharge variables and discharge volume/ EPLs (R2 = 0.824–0.981) were stronger than the relationships between the rainfall-discharge variables and EMCs. These regression equations can be considered reliable in the system, with a relative validation error of less than ±10% for the discharge volume, and less than ±20% for the EPLs. The results presented in this paper provide guidance for effectively controlling pollution in similar storm drainages.

scholarly journals Long-term changes in runoff from a small agricultural catchment

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Banasik ◽  
L. Hejduk
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Hydrometeorological Parameters

River runoff is an important indicator of environmental changes, which usually include climate and/or land use changes, and is also the basis of catchment water management. This study presents results of monitoring and analysis of 48-year precipitation and runoff from a small agricultural catchment located in central Poland. No land use changes in that period have been reported. Mean monthly distributions of precipitation and runoff for the long-term period showed that July was the wettest month in respect of precipitation and a drier one in respect of runoff, averaging 12.9% and 5.2% of their annual values, respectively. To evaluate the trend of three annual hydrometeorological parameters, i.e. precipitation, runoff and runoff coefficient, the Mann-Kendall test was applied. It indicated no trend in respect of precipitation, and decreasing trends of runoff and runoff coefficient at a 95% level of significance. Linear approximation of the annual runoff values indicated a decrease in runoff of ca. 1.2 mm per year for the analysed period. A few other functions were also used for better approximation of runoff data.&nbsp;

scholarly journals Characterization of Urban Runoff Pollution between Dissolved and Particulate Phases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Wei ◽  
Li Simin ◽  
Tang Fengbing
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Roof Runoff ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Runoff Pollution

To develop urban stormwater management effectively, characterization of urban runoff pollution between dissolved and particulate phases was studied by 12 rainfall events monitored for five typical urban catchments. The average event mean concentration (AEMC) of runoff pollutants in different phases was evaluated. The AEMC values of runoff pollutants in different phases from urban roads were higher than the ones from urban roofs. The proportions of total dissolved solids, total dissolved nitrogen, and total dissolved phosphorus in total ones for all the catchments were 26.19%–30.91%, 83.29%–90.51%, and 61.54–68.09%, respectively. During rainfall events, the pollutant concentration at the initial stage of rainfall was high and then sharply decreased to a low value. Affected by catchments characterization and rainfall distribution, the highest concentration of road pollutants might appear in the later period of rainfall. Strong correlations were also found among runoffs pollutants in different phases. Total suspended solid could be considered as a surrogate for particulate matters in both road and roof runoff, while dissolved chemical oxygen demand could be regarded as a surrogate for dissolved matters in roof runoff.

Development of statistical linear regression model for metals from transportation land uses

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2495-2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marla C. Maniquiz ◽  
Soyoung Lee ◽  
Eunju Lee ◽  
Lee-Hyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Mean Concentration

The transportation landuses possessing impervious surfaces such as highways, parking lots, roads, and bridges were recognized as the highly polluted non-point sources (NPSs) in the urban areas. Lots of pollutants from urban transportation are accumulating on the paved surfaces during dry periods and are washed-off during a storm. In Korea, the identification and monitoring of NPSs still represent a great challenge. Since 2004, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) has been engaged in several researches and monitoring to develop stormwater management policies and treatment systems for future implementation. The data over 131 storm events during May 2004 to September 2008 at eleven sites were analyzed to identify correlation relationships between particulates and metals, and to develop simple linear regression (SLR) model to estimate event mean concentration (EMC). Results indicate that there was no significant relationship between metals and TSS EMC. However, the SLR estimation models although not providing useful results are valuable indicators of high uncertainties that NPS pollution possess. Therefore, long term monitoring employing proper methods and precise statistical analysis of the data should be undertaken to eliminate these uncertainties.

scholarly journals Revised Determination of the Rainfall-runoff Erosivity Factor R for Application of USLE in the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeček Miloslav ◽  
Tippl Eliška Kubátová and Martin
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Average Value ◽  
R Factor ◽  
Erosive Rainfall

The evaluation of a series (1961&ndash;2000) of ombrographic records from 13 selected stations of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute provided long-term annual summation values and annual peaks of the rainfallrunoff erosivity factor R in the USLE. The evaluation indicated that by defining an erosive rainfall event as (a) rainfall &ge; 12.5 mm or (b) rainfall intensity &gt; 6 mm per 15 minutes, there were on average 8 erosive rainfall events per station, varying from 1 to 25. The long-term summation values of R factor were in the range of 42 to 106 (average 66) and annual peaks ranged from 19 to 38 (average 29). If the criteria (a) and (b) were to be fulfilled simultaneously, there were on average more than 2 erosive rainfall events per year per station, the number varying from 0 to 12. The long-term summation values of R factor ranged from 25 to 67 (average 45), with annual peaks from 17 to 36 (average 27.5). The long-term investigations of soil losses by erosion on experimental runoff plots, near Třebs&iacute;n (Prague-West district), caused by storms, reveal that these losses were mostly caused by rainfall events satisfying both criteria (a) and (b) at the same time. The results of this investigation suggest that the average value of the erosivity factor R = 20 recommended for the Czech Republic until now should be increased to R = 45 and/or 66, which in practical terms would necessitate more stringent conservation measures.

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